Vespian language

Vespian (, Vâka Veskoyâno) is the predominate language of the Vespian people, and the official language of Vespia. Vespian is spoken by well over a billion people, and has a history going back some fifteen thousand years, with the first known speakers having originated along the Zhona. The origin of the language is popularly attributed to the legendary patron of the Vespian civilization, Veskan, the father of the Vespians. Vespian is the most widely spoken language in northern half of Zhakar, given the long history of Vespian civilization in the region and their role in settling the continent. As of the modern day, Vespian is the oldest documented language in the world, with the oldest complete sentence from Vespian dated as far back to TBD.

The Vespian language is unique in that in the fifteen thousand years of its existence, the language lacks any known descendants and ancestor languages, and has only two known dialects – Imperial and Vulgar – and has only been expanded to provide words and terms for new ideas and objects. Much of this is widely believed to be due to the popular concept of the of the Vespian people. Vespian exhibits a relatively simplistic grammar and word order, with several roots used throughout the language, providing a level of order and understanding as opposed to the array of foreign languages in the rest of TBD, many with archaic word orders and words sharing similar meanings and but different pronunciations or vise versa. As a whole, Vespian is widely viewed as the exotic language of an ancient culture and alien religion from the edge of the known world.

Phonology and orthography
Main articles: Vespian phonology and IPA for Vespian

Alphabet
The Vespians have two written scripts, one which is a featural syllabic script, and the other which is an alphabetical script. The former script was utilized throughout much of Vespian history, though the latter alphabetical script has come to dominate most Vespian documentation out of bare simplicity. However, Vespians are still trained to use both scripts, with the alphabet learned during childhood, and the syllabic script learned during their teen years. Since both scripts use the same basic designs, cross-training is relatively quick and easy. The Vespian alphabet consists of 22 alphabets divided into seven vowels and fifteen consonants, with stressed letters appearing with diacritics.

Syllables
The Vespian language has a simple phonological constraint system, in which either vowels or consonants may be placed at the start of a word. However, while any unstressed vowel may close the word, only four of the language's fifteen consonants may end a word if they are used.

Stress
Vespian is a highly stressed language, with emphasize on the first or second syllables of a short word, or first and middle syllables of a longer word, typically regarded as the norm. The stress on words with Vespian is often considered similar to the stressing of words in the English and Latin, though Vespian words will have diacritic marks to indicate when stress on a particular syllable is required, much as with the accents in Latin and Romance languages. With regards to rhythm, Vespian is a stress-timed language, with stressed and unstressed syllables carrying equal weight in a word though the stressed portion may be shorter than the unstressed portion in letter length, but longer when voiced.

Nota bene
Violation of these rules are only rarely permitted, but avoided if at all possible.
 * 1) /z/ never comes before another stop consonant
 * 2) /j/ can never be placed next to another consonant
 * /r/, /n/, /s/ and /k/ are the only consonants allowed next to one another
 * 1) /s/ may only come after /r/ and before /h/ at all times if placed next to one another
 * 2) In words with two or more /a/ vowels, stress is always placed on the second /a/, unless there is another vowel separating them
 * 3) /r/ is never permitted to sit next to another consonant due to the illegality liquids
 * 4) Stress is placed on the first /a/ if another vowel precedes it, or if /?/ or /v/ directly precedes /a/
 * /n/, /k/, and /r/ are the only consonants permitted to end a word
 * 1) /i/ becomes /e/ except after another /i/ or /e/, instead becoming /i/ when romanized
 * 2) Any word beginning with /i/ becomes /i/ when romanized
 * 3) /i/ becomes /e/ if /ö/ comes after it when romanized
 * 4) /ö/ becomes /u/ if /e/ comes before it, but becomes /o/ if /?/ comes before it when romanized

Cases
There are five cases in the Vespian language:
 * 1) Nominative – Subject of transitive verb
 * 2) Accusative – Direct object of transitive verb
 * 3) Genitive – Possession of another noun/object
 * 4) Ablative – Movement away from subject/object
 * 5) Dative – Recipient of item by subject/object

Nouns
Vespian has no gender, with all nouns using a strictly neuter form with the sole exception of titles.

Articles
Articles denoting definiteness and indefiniteness are both attached to their respective words as prefixes, separated from the word by a dash.

Adjectives
In Vespian, adjectives are placed before nouns at all times. Certain adjectives which are descriptions for verbs or nouns will be modified to agree with the word it is attached too. For instance, Vâka Veskoyâno literally means "signed" or "spoken Vespian", simply translated as "Vespian language". As "vâka" represents a verb or action, it does not decline based on the word it is attracted too. However, Tâzeno Veskoyâno, meaning "Imperial Vespia", does decline, as "Tâzeno" is a noun describing another noun, and therefore agrees with it.

Personal pronouns
The Vespian language lacks gender outside of titles, and does not differentiate between male, female, neuter, animate or inanimate objects. All genders are represented as the same pronoun. The lack of gender in the Vespian language is popularly attributed to the unique gender ratio within the Vespian population, leading to the perception of the Vespians discarding the need for gender in their language. Instead, all objects are referred to equally, and without any regard to the gender of the individual unless their position or family name is brought up in the sentence. In these instances, only the title and the surname are given genders, with "o" for men and "a" for women, though the former only applies to surnames for men.

Tenses and moods
There are three tenses in the Vespian language; past, present, and future. The Vespian language does not conjugate verbs based on tense, but instead has a system where prefixes are attached to the verb itself to give clarification on the time period for the act. Tense is also indicated at the beginning of interrogative sentences rather than attached to verbs. Examples:
 * Present: Ki ji-vâköri (I fight)
 * Past: Ki ix-vâköri (I fought)
 * Future: Ki šo-vâköri (I will fight)

Cardinal
The Vespians use a decimal, e.g. base-10 counting system within their language, basing it off of the countable appendages on their hands. Cardinal numbers, as with the other numbers, are unaffected by the Vespian case system.

Examples:
 * di-mârok (a nation)
 * nok mâroki (zero nations)
 * âyn mârok (one nation)
 * kor mâroki (nine nations)
 * xi mâroki (ten nations)
 * xidin mâroki (a/one hundred nations)

Ordinal
Ordinal numbers expresses the relative position of an item in an ordered sequence. They are used adjectives and decline accordingly.
 * Nominative singular: Jâ-1d xâkar (The first zhakar)
 * Nominative plural: Jâ-1d xâkari (The first zhakars)
 * Accusative singular: Jâ-1d xâkar
 * Genitive singular: Jâ-1d xâkaro
 * Ablative singular: Jâ-1d xâkaru 
 * Dative singular: Jâ-1d xâkara

Names
Vespian names are constructed very differently from that of inhabitants from the western hemisphere, in that rather than two or three generally simple names denoting the given name, middle name or patronymic, and family name, the Vespians have a total of six names divided into three sections. This aspect of the Vespian language and culture gives the Vespians as a people, some of the longest complete names in the world. The names are divided as follows: the caste name (TBD), the house name (hâkiyorun), and the family name (uvâdiyorun). The caste name consists of the caste, rank, and given name of the Vespian individual, denoting their role and title in Vespian society. The second part of the name, the hâkiyorun or house name, consists of the house the Vespian belongs to and the place of their birth, and is typically utilized as a method of validating that individual's pedigree. Finally, the family name consists of the name of the family and the zhazharun or father name, which is a Vespian patronymic.


 * Caste name (TBD): Âku'Vi'Xânazo (Caste/Rank/Given name)
 * House name (Hâkiyorun): Xi'Vâyan'Šokina (Article "from"/Household/Place of birth)
 * Family name (Uvâdiyorun): Muxâniokö-Konaekân (Patronymic/Family name)

The complete Vespian name would thus come out to be "Âku'Vi'Xânazo Xi'Vâyan'Šokina Muxâniokö-Konaekân". In the Vespian mind, the name would mean in its entirety "Yeoman Zhanazo of the Merchants, from House Vayan in Shokina, Son of Muzhan of Family Konaekan", a complete descriptive name detailing the full background information of the individual in question. The Vespians place great importance on such names, and there are numerous legal, religious, and traditional laws and customs related to the regulation of naming in Vespian society. For Vespians living abroad, as well as for those in the Vespian homeland, for the sake of simplicity and management, only the given name and the family name are utilized in everyday speech and work beyond formal and religious events. Thus, the aforementioned individual would simply be known as "Zhanazo Konaekan", or "Zhanazo Muzhanioku Konaekan" should a middle name be required.