Vereva/Kahremish language

General
Kahremish is a language of Vereva descending from the parent language Lindjerblau which was brought over to the Great Continent circa year 500. It is part of the Almsaundean language family where it is mutually intelligible with the Mirvermish language, both of which are simplified languages evolved from Lindjerblau language.

Grammar
Kahremish is a language that uses 23 letters. The letters generally represent one aosound each but can combine to make 16 digraphs. It also has one accent, the diaeresis, which is used only over the vowel e [ë] to change its sound. Its nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles decline for 2 numbers (singular and plural) and 4 cases (nominative, accusative, dative and genitive) making 8 possible forms (2x4) to each. Its verbs conjugate for 5 persons (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person masculine, 3rd person feminine, 3rd person neuter) and 5 tenses (present, past, pluperfect, future, future perfect) making 25 possible conjugations (5x5). Other aspects of verbs h as mood or aspect are made using modal verbs. The grammar of Kahremish is mostly parallel to that of Mirvermish.

Sounds
A.      A as in cat.       /æ/ Ah. O as in not.      /a/ B.      B as in boy. /b/ C.      C as in cat. /k/ D.      D as in dog. /d/ E.      U as in but         /ė/ Ë.      Eir as on their  /ęr/ Eh. Ay as in day. /e/ F.      F as in frog. /f/ G.      G as in goat      /g/ H.     H as in horse. /h/ I.        I as in it               /ï/ Ih. E as in me. /i/ J.     Y as in yak. /j/ K.    C as in cat. /k/ L.     L as in lice           /l/ M.    M as in mouse. /m/ N.     N as in newt. /n/ O.    O as in octopus. /o/ Oh. O as in not.         /a/ P.     P as in puppy     /p/ R.    R as in rat          /r/ S.     Z as in zebra     /z/ Ss.  S as in skunk     /s/ T.    T as in turtle. /t/ U.    Oo as in boo't      /u/ Uh. U as in but.         /ė/ V.    V as in very        /v/ W.   V as in very       /v/ Z.   Si as in vision    /ź/

Consonants

 * Graphs
 * B C D F G H J K L M N P R S T V W Z
 * /b c d f g h j k l m n p r z t v v ź /


 * Digraphs
 * Ck Ss
 * /k: s/


 * G only exists as first consonant of a word. In loan words from Lindjerblau, g may be a medial letter.
 * R and L can be the nucleus of a syllable if the vowel is a preceeding stressed ė. Mjrn = myuhrn /mjėrn/
 * a consonant in succession is geminated with the exception of s

Vowels

 * Graphs
 * A E I O U Ë
 * /æ ė ï o u ęr/


 * Digraphs
 * Ah Eh. Ih Oh Uh
 * /a e i a ė/


 * A doubled vowel makes the vowel a long vowel: aa = /æ:/; ee = /ė:/; ii = /ï:/
 * J replaces h to lengthen a changed vowel sound: ah = /a/; aj = /a:/
 * Ë is /ęr/ medial, /eï/ final, never first letter in word
 * Ë makes /r/ liaisons with following words beginning with vowels.
 * Words never start with double vowel, instead j replaces first vowel and second vowel maintains length.  Jisken = (YIZ-kin) /'jï:zkėn/

Stress

 * 1) E (/ė/) can only be stressed before r or l; when e is stressed, it is not written
 * 2) The addition of noun declensions or verb conjugations do not change the stressed syllable.
 * 3) Stress is on the final long vowel of a word,
 * 4) If no long vowels exist, then stress is on the penultimate (second to last) syllable
 * 5) If E is the penultimate vowel, stress is before penultimate e.
 * 6) If E is penultimate and stress is impossible before it, the stress is on the final syllable
 * 7) Otherwise, there is no stress.

Nouns
Aa. Ii. Oo. Uu. Ë    (poo>poe; poen) - subtract final vowel before ending Sing. Plur NOM:      Poo               Poec ACC:       Poe               Poecs DAT:       Poen. Poenecs GEN:       Poem. Poemecs

A. E. I. O. U.           (ta>taje; tan) - don't add e before ending; -je ending to -je Sing. Plur NOM:      Ta                  Tac ACC:       Taje              Tacs DAT:       Tan. Tanecs GEN:       Tam. Tamecs

B. D. F. P. T. V.     (aad>aade; aaden) - regular Sing. Plur NOM:      Kiit                Kiitec ACC:       Kiite              Kiitecs DAT:       Kiiten. Kiitenecs GEN:       Kiitem. Kiitemecs

H. J.                           (flij>flije; flin) - subtract consonant and e; -je acc. sing Sing. Plur NOM:      Flij                 Flic ACC:       Flije               Flics DAT:       Flin. Flinecs GEN:       Flim. Flimecs

L. R.                           (djir>djirk; djirn) - subtract e, c to k Sing. Plur NOM:      Djir                Djirk ACC:       Djire              Djirks DAT:       Djirn. Djirnecs GEN:       Djirm. Djirmecs

C. K.                          (piik>piick; piicken) - subtract e before c, kc to ck, cc to ck; when before e spell as ck Sing. Plur NOM:      Piik                Piick ACC:       Piicke           Piicks DAT:       Piicken. Piickenecs GEN:       Piickem. Piickemecs

M. N.                         (tijm>tijmme; tijmn) - do not add e before n or m; double consonant before e Sing. Plur NOM:      Tijm               Tijmec ACC:       Tijmme         Tijmecs DAT:       Tijmn. Tijmnecs GEN:       Tijmm. Tijmmecs

Vjij vjijnkjë. Vjik vjijnkjec Vje vjijnkje       Vjiks vjijnkjecs Vjen vjijnkjen  Vjinks vjijnkjenecs Vjem vjijnkjem Vjimks vjijnkjemecs Vy vymkh. Vyçë vymkheçë Ve vymkhe. Vyçe vymkheçëçe Vym vymkhem.Vymçës vymkhemçës Vyn vymkhen. Vynçës vymkhençës

Cases
There are four grammatical cases in Kahremish. They are the nominative, accusative, dative and genitive cases.


 * Nominative case
 * Used as the subject of a sentence.
 * -"Vjij isse ijtonkjë."
 * Used as the object of the verb to be
 * -"Sjij isse eh ."
 * Used as the vocative
 * -"Eh !"


 * Accusative case
 * Used as the direct object of an affirmative sentence
 * -"A nie vjiite ."


 * Dative case
 * Used as the indirect object of an affirmative sentence
 * -"Hij ist vje pecke tuh vjen gjovonkjë."
 * Required case for some prepositions
 * -"Vjij pek evjë frem vjen ."


 * Genitive case
 * Used to mark the possessive form of a noun, where it comes after the noun it modifies
 * -"Ot evjë vjij pek ."
 * Required case for some prepositions
 * -"Hij ist vje pecke rjovjuut vjem rijdjonkjë."
 * Used as the direct and indirect objects in negative sentences
 * -"A djuhe naht vjiitem nien."
 * -"Hij ist naht vjem tuh vjem  gjovonkjë."

Verbs
Leven. - levdjë; levonkjë PRESENT Sing. Plu. 1.        Leve. Leven 2.      Levst. Levest 3.      Levt. Levet Levsse. Levesse Levevjë. Levad PAST Sing. Plu. 1.        hiive levdjë. Hiiven levdjë 2.      Hiivst levdjë. Hiivest levdjë 3.     Hiit levdjë. Het levdjë Hiisse levdjë. Hesse levdjë Havjë levdjë. Had levdjë FUTURE Sing. Plu. 1.        Sjalle leven. Sjallen leven 2.      Sjalst leven      Sjallest leven 3.      Sjalt leven. Sjallet leven Sjalsse leven. Sjallesse leven Sjalevjë leven. Sjallad leven PLUPERFECT Sing. Plu. 1.      Hadje levdjë. Hadjen levdjë 2.    Hadjest levdjë. Hadjest levdjë 3.   Hadjet levdjë. hadjet levdjë Hadjesse levdjë. Hadjesse levdjë Hadjevjë levdjë. Hadjad levdjë FUTURE PERFECT Sing. Plu. 1.        Sjadje leven. Sjadjen leven 2.      Sjadjest leven. Sjadjest leven 3.     Sjadt leven. Sjadjet leven Sjasse leven. Sjadjesse leven Sjavjë leven. Sjad leven Present progressive: -  A amme levonkjë - I'm loving Past progressive: -  A wasste levonkjë - I was loving Pluperfect progressive: -  A hadje bijn levonkjë - I'd been loving Future progressive: -  A sjalle levonkjë - I will be loving Future perfect progressive: -  A sjadje levonkjë - I had been loving Conditional present: - A vlde leven - I would love Conditional past: -  A vltje levdjë - I would have loved Potential present: -  A kiine leven - I can love Potential past: - A klte levdjë - I could've loved

Person
The first and second persons are self-explanatory in Kahremish but the third person verb conjugations have more complex rules.


 * 3rd person masculine
 * Used only in reference with male beings in both the singular and plural


 * 3rd person feminine
 * Used only in reference with female beings in both the singular and plural


 * 3rd person neutral
 * Used in reference to things, places, plants and animals
 * Used when the gender of the subject is unknown
 * Used unte plural when the group is mix gendered
 * Used with a dummy pronoun

Example texts
Lingua Franca: Kahremish: Mirvermish: Lindjerblau: Bevesdani: Aelatha: