Great Han Empire


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The Great Han Empire (大華帝國 ; Tai Hanziguo), commonly just referred to as Hani (大華 ; Tai Han), is an insular nation located in East Asia. A , it exercises tight jurisdiction over a total of twenty subdivisions; sixteen provinces, two special autonomous regions, one special municipality, and one special territory. It can be split into three major island groups (each called, , ); collectively straddling the westernmost extremities of the and stretching from the  to the north, the  to the south, the  to the west, and the  to the east. Housing a total of 158 million residents distributed among an area of approximately 300,000 km2 (or 120,000 sq mi), it is the seventy-first and eight-largest country area-wise and population-wise, respectively. It shares maritime borders with South Vietnam and North Vietnam, and Hainan to the west; Tanjung to the south-west; Akitsu to the north; and to the south.

The metatarsal of the is the oldest known human remnant within the islands carbon-dated to 67,000 BC, predating the  (which previously held the title) by 40,000 years. In 4,000 BC, originating from, absorbing the earlier  arrivals, with other displaced populations moving upland (precursors of the  and the ). By at least third century, various and lowland  (known as "") emerged. Eventually, these formed the basis of the, a decentralized system of governance in which vassals pledged allegiance to suzerains in-exchange for autonomy in internal affairs. The adoption and usage of introduced advanced agricultural techniques including, , and , coupled with the abundance of rich arable land facilitated a population explosion and the settlement of the islands. Since then, many barangay established codified laws and forged extensive trading relations with each other and overseas polities; with some eventually amassing substantial wealth or adopting foreign cultures.

The Lakanate of Tondo is regarded as its direct precursor; and by the fifteenth century, through a period of brute conquest, it exercised jurisdiction and influence over much of Lusong. It secured multiple with China under the guise of a tributary relationship, thus receiving a virtual monopoly on the re-distribution of Chinese products, therefore amassing a exceedingly-high level of wealth and forging extensive overseas trading relations. Victories in the Battle of Manila, the First and Second Castillian Wars, and the Manila Bay Incident all reinforced its territorial legitimacy from adversaries jealous of this monopoly, eventually incorporating much of the archipelago under its suzerainty through vassalization, while directly-annexing several territorial acquisitions. The arrival of nearing two million en-masse during the  of China initially destabilized the country; introducing minor bouts of plague (mainly cholera, diarrhoea, and other intestinal diseases) and polarizing the imperial court. The invasion of in 1662 led to two decades of foreign rule, while the Lakandula was initially kept as a figurehead (retaining their titles but stripped of actual authority), the  in 1683 prompted the  to install itself and dissolve the Lakandula. The meticulously-planned Maharlika Conspiracy oversaw their dethronement, only to result in a period of socio-political disorder and instability stemming from an absence of a central binding authority.

However, the House of Li, a branch of the now-defunct Lakandula, seizing the throne and proclaiming the Southern Han dynasty. Centralization was achieved through abolishing the Kedatuan-style of governance, curtailing much of the aristocratic prerogative and inheritance in-favour of and a system of contracted servitude and land lease. Through the Ten Great Campaigns, various ambitious projects were implemented including; the promotion of, the , and and  (as the  and court/administrative language, respectively). It cultivated an extensive trading relation with the West, shipping vast quantities of luxury goods (including silk, porcelain and gold-based jewelries) to Western markets; enabling an influx of silver which underpinned a previously baseless economy and stimulating internal commerce. Following British victory in the, the Sarado policy was implemented, earning the country the nickname the "". However, rife intermarriage between commoners and aristocrats led to a disproportionately-sized elite due in-part to the ramifications of enforced patrilineal succession, which led to political strife and an inefficient corrupt administration. Regionalist and separatist movements culminated in the eight year-long Lingayen Rebellion in the 1850s, with the Han-Spanish Treaty of Amity marking a series of and economic exploitation by the West, eventually succumbing to Sierran imperialism in 1905 following the Han-Sierran War.

The current Han state was established following the surrender of Japan during the. Through the ratification of the Zhenjing Declaration, Sierra agreed to relinquish its former control over much of the archipelago (except Palawan and Cuyo), recognize the legitimacy of the Nationalist Party, and authorize the re-installation of the exiled House of Li. The Han Civil War and coinciding political turmoil contributed to mounting anti-leftist and anti-republican sentiment and disillusionment with the regime, with the Kapshin Revolution leading to the ascension of Premier Zhang Shuying in 1965, who pioneered the Heavy Industrial Drive. Through successful economic policies, Hani achieved a lengthy and notably-rapid economic transition from an agrarian to an industrialized economy supported by massive inflows of foreign capital, including reparations, foreign aid, and direct foreign investment. Political strife and succession issues, along with pressure from the and international condemnation following the controversial Taibao Massacre, resulted in mild socio-political liberalization and the relaxation of authoritarian rule.

Hani currently ranks first on the within Asia. Benefitting from its high levels of education and skilled workforce, coupled with its central placement within the region, it exhibits the third-largest economy (in both and ). A leader in technological innovation, it boasts the third-fastest internet speed and smartphone penetration, additionally ranking highly on the and on the. It is an influential member of numerous key organizations, and recognized as a major regional power, and emergent great power, and by some analysts, a potential superpower. However, problems including regional inequality, alongside human rights violations, including discrimination of ethnic and religious minorities, as well as pro-republican activists, remain.

Etymology
Hans refer to the country as Tai Han (大華 ). However, this is simply a contracted form, used for informal occasions, with the full term being Tai Hanziguo (大華帝國 ). This emanates from the word Han (華 ), originally pronounced Hua, and refers to the state of being "civilized" rather than being Chinese. Originally, the pronunciations of the two terms fused in order to delegitimize the claim of the Manchus on the Chinese throne and on their claimed status as "civilized", by popularizing the notion that the Qing dynasty is Manchu and thus illegitimate. In the West, historically, it was referred to as Luçon, after the Spanish pronunciation of the word Lǚsòng (吕宋 ), which then comes from the Tagalog term Lusong (meaning "rice mortar"). However, the modern term Hani itself originated as a portmanteau Han and the suffix -i.

Prehistory

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The earliest evidence of human habitation is the 67,000-year-old metatarsal of the in Kalayan, along with the. The most widely accepted hypothesis on the settlement of the archipelago is the, which hypothesizes that Austronesians from Taiwan (which themselves are descended from the neolithic cultures of the , such as the ) arrived into the islands starting in 4,000 BCE; either displacing earlier arrivals, or forcing them into the highlands. The first known culture was the Kumintang jade culture; whose presence was evident by exquisitely-crafted jade artefacts. Other early cultures include the precursors of the Ifugao and Igorot peoples, who built the. The was also present, with their sites abundant in iron-based artefacts; as typified by axes, swords, spearheads, knives and sickles. In contrast, much of the region was still utilizing bronze. An extensive trade network was also shown, as Sa Huỳnh beads were made of materials not obtainable within the region, indicating that they were likely imported. This culture also lived in the area now comprising the Mekong Delta.

The third century oversaw the establishment of chiefdoms known as, which were headed by a Datu. While there was the presence of social stratification, political structure was highly decentralized and was typical to other Southeast Asian polities. Each barangay, which were concentrated in fertile lowlands and coasts, typically consisted of a hundred households, with several barangay housing thousands. By the ninth century, several coastal barangay emerged into thalassocratic port principalities, which, along with many other barangay were subjected under the suzerainty of other regional powers, providing tribute in-exchange for protection.

Infancy
Tondo was founded in the ninth century as a port principality headed by a Lakan or a Rajah, a title equivalent to that of a King. It practiced advanced metallurgy (acquiring knowledge of gunpowder and artillery) and intensive wet-rice cultivation (with rice being the staple crop), and frequently traded pottery and agricultural products. Tondoese clay vessels were not only renowned for decorative purposes, but functioned as tea canisters greatly enhancing the fermentation process, making it highly-valuable for foreign merchants. In addition, there was a noted abundance in fowl, rice wine, and beeswax, alongside gold, which was used as the commercial currency (as ingots or bracelets) alongside barter trade. While the lingua franca was Tagalog, Old Malay was the language of the elite, with the former being transcribed with the Baybayin script, and the latter in the Kawi script.

Between 1320 and 1322, under the instructions of Rajah Alon, Tondo conquered Kumintang and Kabikolan. In 1365, Tondo ousted Majapahit in the Battle of Maynila, and instead pursued relations with the Ming in 1371, being granted a monopoly on the distribution of Chinese products under the guise of a tributary relationship. In 1450, under the rule of Dayang Kalangitan, established a personal union between Tondo and the Kingdom of Namayan, through intermarrying its sovereign, Rajah Lontok. She also expanded her dominion northward. In order to secure its special relationship with the Ming, Tondo allied with the Kingdom of Brunei to initiate a crackdown on wokou activity, which threatened its commercial shipping activities.

Reformation
In 1500, Brunei under attempted conquer Tondo, seeking to inherit its trade monopoly and to incorporate it via personal union. While it was not successful, it caused Dayang Kalangitan to relinquish her control over the throne, instead instituting Salilah as the new Lakan. Under his tenure, Tondo implemented a total ban on Muslim proselytization and organized missionary activities. Many aristocrats following the faith were forcibly reconverted. Furthermore, Tondo reaffirmed its tributary status and its previously-forged preferential trading agreements with China. Through these tributary missions, he realized that a more-coordinated whim over all available national resources is needed in order to establish a more organized and cohesive state. Utilizing knowledge acquired from envoys arriving from China, he institutionalized a more solid government, as until that point, the government was quite weak and unorganized, heavily relying on loyalist vassals. Despite these efforts at centralization, it still remained a, relying on aristocrats known as datus to administer barangay, which had a status equivalent to that of provinces or municipalities (depending on their size). However this time, they were taxed more and had to abide and reinforced codified laws designated by the central government. In addition to these, a centralized legislative body was made, comprising of appointed officials which had close familial ties to the Lakandula (the ruling family). Under a now powerful government, it implemented and enforced various reforms, including a codified system of law, tax reforms, the adoption of the and national census, and a larger well-equipped permanent standing army and navy (previously relying on paid mercenaries).

Heavy emphasis was especially placed upon naval expansion; Chinese warships were adopted and about two dozen of them were built, though the bulk of navy (which hovered at a total of two hundred permanent vessels) still remained of the modest-quality and -class. All of these were equipped with basic naval artillery, and soldiers and sailors alike were handed match-lock rifles, which replaced hand cannons as the primary gunpowder weapon used. Tondo utilized its growing naval capabilities to forcibly subjugate its chief southern rivals; and, via. While the two nation's monarchs (which were referred to as Rajahs, instead of Lakan), retained autonomy over internal affairs under the role of a subordinate vassal, Tondo assumed the control of much of their navies and left a skeleton force of a hundred vessels. Initially, in-response to continuous threats of a follow-up Moro punitive expedition, Tondo, Seludong/Maynila, and Namayan (the three most important settlements of the Manila Bay) were all fortified. However, now-exploiting a now fairly-extensive naval force, it adopted a more hostile approach to the Moro settlements to the south, especially in, whose elite began rapid Islamicization. In 1520, Tondo managed to liberate Ma-i and coerce into submission, now acquiring a base to obstruct Bruneian ambitions and a foothold in Mindanao, where Moro colonization efforts were concentrated.

Spanish contact
While Spanish conquistadors arrived in the islands considerably earlier, first 1521 under and multiple other expeditions known to the Tondoese government occurring subsequently, proper bilateral relations had not be established in 1565, upon the arrival of  and the establishment of a permanent colonial capital in Davao. Both shared common interests; both seeking to contain Brunei and establishing a mutually-beneficial trading relationship in which Spain could acquire Chinese goods while Tondo could standardize silver as its currency (rather than gold ingots and bracelets, which were more expensive to mine). In response to this cordial relationship, Brunei strengthened its colonization efforts, sending settlers to colonize what was otherwise a sparsely-populated heathen territory. In 1568, the occured, with Spain and Tondo both attacking and occupying Moro settlements and territories. After Brunei's loss, Mindanao was partitioned; Sambuangan and the Sulu islands were annexed and directly-administered under Tondo as military-controlled territory, while the rest were incorporated into Spain and subjected into encomienda. However, missionary efforts to convert Tondo under Catholicism disturbed the aristocracy, with successive efforts to restrain and later fully expel them (with an institutionalized ban on Catholicism) quickly turning once cordial relations, sour.

Bitter relations with the Spanish and other foreign players (mainly pirates including ), forced Tondo to assert its territorial legitimacy and exercise its naval prowess. In 1574, following the Red Sea Incident initiated by Limahong, the Second Castilian War occurred, which ended in a failure and the ratifiation of the Treaty of Jolo. A compromise was mutually-agreed upon; the port of Davao, which was already intensively-developed and had a large Catholic population, was kept as a leased port (under Tondoese suzerainty, yet administered by the Spanish). Meanwhile, Catholic missionary activity was restricted to a quota of only a hundred missionaries operating at any given time. This did little to affect the and the, though the Spanish reoriented their focus on Taiwan. Between 1592 and 1597, Tondo aided Ming and Korean forces in the, and was permitted to attack Japanese colonies in Kalayan and initiate a crackdown on wokou pirates controlling Kaboloan, both of which were incorporated into Tondo; the first as multiple subordinate barangay, and the latter as directly-controlled territory). During this period, several Japanese practices such as (which was practiced by the elite as a status of class) and the emerge of a tea culture managed to be adopted into Tondoese culture, via the influence of its Pangasinese and Japanese practitioners. In addition, several "turtle-ships" were covertly-taken from Korea, and were reverse-manufactured and added into the navy.

Fragmentation
The severance of bilateral relations in accordance to a non-interventionist and non-affiliatory foreign policy pursued during the (to avoid provoking the Manchu), coinciding with the sudden withdrawal of the Spanish silver supply, led to government bankruptcy and socio-political instability. This was exacerbated by the arrival of en-masse from 1644 to 1659; with poor hygiene and sanitation, coupled with increasingly dense living conditions, leading to outbreaks of disease (mainly of intestinal-nature, such as diarrhoea, but also smallpox), which devastated inland and highland populations which lacked biological immunity and tolerance. This lead to rising and, as they were accused of deliberately poisoning the water supply and were widely resented due to the wide income disparity between the two groups. By the 1660, census records (which were calculated via examination of tax revenue), placed the total population at an estimated ten million, with the Chinese population reaching critical mass; almost half of urbanites and a quarter of rural residents being Chinese in-origin. This prompted the establishment of the Chinese Resettlement Administration, however, assimilation became unfeasible, and many established enclaves detached from mainstream society.

The invasion of Tondo by in 1662 resulted in the vassalization of Lakan Banao and his relatives, its subjugation as a tributary state (sending tributary missions thrice yearly). While the royalty and aristocrats retained their respective titles and practiced royal prerogative, true authority rested within a small selected group of Chinese nobility. The in 1683, forced the relocation of the  (which ruled over the ), and the dissolution of the Lakandula. However, its unpopularity led to various riots and insurrections, culminating in the Maharlika Revolt in 1685. Following the dethronement of the House of Zheng (which was sent into-exile in Batanes), succession issues and the absence of a centralized authority led to severe political strife.

Infancy


The House of Li, under its patriarch Li Yang, was established, a daughter branch of the new-defunct House Lakandula. The Kedatuan government was also dismantled in favour of a unitary state comprised of provinces. The caste system, which became increasingly disorganized, was reformed to follow Confucian social structure; slaves were emancipated as tenant farmers, which had a role similar to that of a serf. During this period, miscegenation became rife due to a huge gender imbalance in both major groups; with a lack of females within the Chinese and an imbalance of males (due to many of them being killed during political strife). As a result, anti-miscegenation laws were often unenforced.

Apogee
The reign of the Zhenmu Emperor, born Li Lin, oversaw the vast consolidation of territorial integrity and royal power. Upon her ascension to the throne after the abdication of her father, she claimed the ; officially establishing the Southern Han dynasty, which was proclaimed to be the real heir to the (instead of the, which ruled over China proper). Under her tenure, the aristocratic prerogative associated with the maginoo class (nobility) was rendered obsolete and was officially abolished, while absolutist measures were institutionalized and enforced in-order to curb the influence of the imperial court upon the decisions and edicts issued by the Emperor. An investigation against tax evasion and undocumented land properties also commenced; with violators stripped of any titles and sent into penal camps. After her reforms, while government corruption still remained rife, the Emperor was granted unprecedented power. In order to affirm her legitimacy conjunction to her claim over the Mandate, she ordered a crackdown on unorthodox Confucianist sects and announced the (which outlined the beliefs of Confucianist orthodoxy), which were based off the  of the Ming dynasty. The attitude towards women, remained fairly lax, and while females were still expected to follow their husbands and fathers, their sons would have to bow down to her upon widowhood. However, the traditions of, , and jointly-led households were scrutinized, with household registration reflecting changes in official ideology.

The Ten Great Campaigns, which were intended to make Tondo catch-up to living conditions in China proper, was also launched. There was emphasis on the Three Principles; the promotion of infrastructural development, the promotion of commercialization and economic development, and the promotion of literacy and scholarship. With a select group of scholar-officials, she made the alphabetic script, which was intended to be an auxiliary script (ruby script) to, and was often used as a vernacular form of writing. The Zhenmu Dictionary, which highlighted characters used in Standard Han Hokkien and their pronunciations, was also written, featuring over fifty thousand characters (with a simplified version of only eight thousand characters). While she maintained the traditional policy of discouraging the usage of Tagalog, she codified its grammatical and phonological rules, which later laid the fundamental basis for the later Han language. A vast amount of moveable types were also constructed, with increasing literacy and the lifting of literary inquisition leading to a renaissance in prose fiction. Asides from promoting scholarly activities, she also launched reforms leading to economic prosperity. The promulgation of proper agricultural techniques and methods, as well as the adoption of crop rotation, proper irrigation systems, and led to a substantial rise in agricultural productivity and a secure food supply. An edict requiring the replacement of thatched roofing with clay tiles, and the recomposition of wooden houses with clay bricks, was also issued; while canals and road networks were intensively-developed to facilitate transportation and domestic commerce. However, a lack of a stable commercial medium was still apparent, with barter trade and the usage of gold ingots or bracelets being used interchangeably.

In 1748, the Compact of Zhenjing was launched, with interested European parties being granted a small territorial non-military lease in the Zhenjing Bay Area. This provided a second more larger market for its manufactured goods, with relatively low tariffs and free trade (as the it was not subject to an isolationist policy as the Qing had) enticing Europeans to trade with the it rather than the Qing. This proved to be a huge source of revenue, with the influx of silver bullion stimulating the further development of internal commerce and underpinned a previously baseless economy. The high demand for silver bullion deterred hyperinflation, and kept its value relatively stable. In 1752, the Zhenmu Emperor standardized as the common currency (with each tael weighing roughly 1.33 ounces), minting hundreds-upon-thousands of silver coinage annually to keep up with the demand. This coincided with the rapid development of textiles, porcelain, and other manufactures, as migrant merchants and craftsmen pass on their production techniques to local businesses. While the imperial court maintained a laissez-faire economic system, it did nationalize control over several key industries; steel-making and metallurgy, the production of rifles and other gunpowder weapons, and shipbuilding, as well as the salt industry. However, companies dealing in said industries still remained and several successful ones were either bought or subsidized by the government.

Decline
Due to the policies of patrilocality and patrilineality, children conceived under mix-racial relationships often inherited their father's titles until imperial examination and their coming of age. Many women exploited this, marrying with male nobility and influencing them into lifting their respective family's prospects. This weakened the four-tier class system, with the aristocratic class becoming overly competitive and oversaturated. While this fostered a more united "Han" identity, this also led to political strife, as aristocrats sought to secure the allegiance of the Emperor.

Han–Sierran War
In 1898, Emperor Li Huang, who headed the progressive faction of the imperial court, passed away. As a result, Empress consort Mei Ling became the, receiving administrative powers in-place of their seven-year old son. As she was a major proponent of the conservative faction, she ceased modernization programs and expelled foreign influence from Hani; reestablishing the policies of the past while nullifying several key  with foreign powers, but in-practice they remained in-place.

Seeking rapprochement with its erstwhile, Sierra sent emissaries to Zhenjing to sort out relations. Having trespassed and ignored the new isolationist policy, the Empress executed the emissaries alongside a thousand martyred Christian converts, some of which are foreign missionaries. This received international condemnation, and thus, Hani faced numerous trade that crippled its export-based economy. The few journalists that had documented the atrocities also helped fuelled anti–Han sentiment among the Sierran public, and helped the Sierran government review its approach with the increasingly hostile.

Sierra eventually listened to public pressure, launching an invasion which came to be known as the five-year long Han–Sierran War. Regent Mei Ling used the war effort as an excuse to purge the imperial court of political dissidents; mainly members of the progressive faction. Initially maintaining a firm, over time, Sierran forces managed to seize important ports. Whilst Hani experienced a substantial degree of industrialization, it still lacked the ability to mass-produce weaponries, and instead was coerced to rely on its trading powers for weaponries. Furthermore, the national treasury became drained of bullion reserves to peg its floating currency, which experienced chronic hyperinflation and forcing the government into effective bankruptcy. However, the Great Han core, had not faced any incursions until the final two years of the campaign.

In 1905, the regent Mei Ling committed suicide alongside two other prominent leaders General Fu Jin and General Cheng Wan, after failing to preserve Zhenjing. As a result, twelve-year old Li Min ascended to the throne with full administrative powers. The collapse of the bureaucratic institutions, coupled with the delegitmization of royal power, triggered the mass-scale capitulation and defection among the Han army. Li Min's uncle temporarily assumed title as regent; signing his abdication papers and under the Emperor's approval signing the Han Treaty of Capitulation, concluding the conflict.

Under Sierran suzerainty
In 1905, following the Han–Sierran War (1903-1905), Sierra successfully subjugated Hani as a protectorate under the Han-Sierran Protectorate Treaty. However, the legality of the treaty had been disputed due to the Empress dowager not applying the royal seal, and she had not chosen a heir in case of her death. This caused some international backlash, but the Sierran claim on the islands was legitimized and eventually accepted due to the involvement of pro-Sierran defectors and the suppression of political emigrées.

The House of Li retained power however, though real authority fell on a new class of reformist aristocrats seeking collaboration with the Sierran government. The taxation system was heavily revamped as compensation for the war expenses; large tracts of land were stolen from landlords and land tenants were often evicted. However, the tax system often exempted collaborationists. The suzerain government eventually pursued closer integration into Sierra (as a constituent Kingdom) in-order to effectively coordinate resources management and to avoid international scrutiny. This led to a five-year process of gradual integration from 1915 to 1920, with the House of Li planned to be fused as a cadet branch of the Sierran House of Columbia.

In 1918, however, widely publicized intermarriages between the two were accused of being an orchestrated plot to terminate the royal lineage and "whitewash" the royalty. This led to mainly-peaceful pro-independence rallies and strikes, all loosely coordinated under the First Independence Movement. This hastened the annexation process, and instead of a constituent state, it became a directly-governed colony. Exploiting the First World War, Sierra brutally suppressed dissidents and committed atrocities against them, including the Corregidor Massacre and the institution of concentration camps. The House of Li was eventually ousted, with the Imperial Palace symbolically burnt to ashes. Many of the activists were jailed and tortured, with thousands publicly hanged. Royalty fell mainly into two groups; those who led to Shanghai (based in Shanghai), or those who led to Japan, and were granted permanent residency. Some married into the Japanese imperial family.

Roaring Twenties
During the, Sierra had utilized bases in Hani to seize and occupy German colonial holdings in the Pacific, and therefor increasing control over the Pacific. As part of the, the were transferred from Germany to Sierra, administered as a part of Sierran East Indies. The Sierran colonial administration began to shift from free market plantation economy, to a centrally-planned industrial economy (establishing institutional basis of the current economic system). This change marked a period of intense due to postponed spending, and the previous munitions and armaments facilities being retooled to the mass-production of consumer goods, which instilled a culture of  among those who can afford such luxuries. There was also a boom in infrastructural development, with electricity and various telecommunication systems (such as the telegraph, telephone) being implemented en-masse.

The following period, known as the, saw the cementation of the Sierran Cultural Revolution (which turned Sierra from a monolithic to a fusionist culture), which has reached as many educated Hans emigrated to Sierra. However, this cultural exchange was mutual, with Sierrans introducing and popularizing the ideals of and  through mass media. and became very popular, facilitated by the erosion of traditional Confucianist beliefs. Due to the notion of human sexuality being liberalized, more revealing Western-style clothing was adopted by the elite and the middle-class, with the being especially-popular. Cosmetics, which were previously discouraged due to their association with prostitution, became socially-acceptable. Many of the rich indulged in luxuries, such as alcohol and spa treatments.

The official use of Han (instead of the ) was legalized, as the usage of Sierran Hanzi to transcribe Sierran English became prevalent. However, Sierran English still remained the  , whilst the usage of was heavily discouraged. Despite this, due to the increase in literacy and the relaxation of laws (most notably the repeal of ), the printing industry flourished, with the genre of prose fiction particularly receiving much popularity. was made compulsory, and an edict requiring all adults to be literate was implemented, raising the literacy rate from just 28.33% (in 1920) to 76.25% (five years later, in 1925), with near-universal literacy (>95%) being achieved in 1933.

From 1927, up until 1935, while the Sierran East Indies continued to maintain its status as a, for the first time ever, all Hans were granted and Sierran citizenship (with the previous quota on immigration, which was already largely unenforced, being fully-repealed). Hans were allowed to vote among a specific pool of preliminary candidates (determined by the federal government) to serve their colonial government coinciding with the Sierran elections, however, they were additionally granted the ability to vote for Sierran politicians (but not directly-participating in them unless they are Sierran residents). The Peace Preservation Law was also unanimously approved by the Sierran legislature, and was enacted specifically to target political groups that were counted as radical or detrimental to national security; it not only prescribed overtly harsh penalties on dissidents, but also justified the usage of brutality on them.

Initial isolationism
Following the Han Civil War, the government of Hani was virtually bankrupt, with its Western allies under scrutiny for being unable to bail the government and avert economic fallout. This was worsened by the concurrent Korean War (in which Hani reluctantly participated in), which forced the relocation of the few foreign funds originally allocated to economic recovery to the production of armaments and weaponry for the war effort. The controversy sparked by this and related issues (such as the activation of national conscription) led to the formation of an Ameroskeptic and rather hostile intellectual climate, with the Jin administration being heavily criticized and alienated as overtly pro-West. The death of Head Chairman Jin Li in 1953 (at the age of 73), prompted the establishment of a short-lived provisional council comprised of fourteen politicians. However it was overthrown and abolished by former First Deputy Miao Yang just sixty-days following its creation. His first year oversaw the establishment of martial law and the suspension of habeas corpus, enabling him to jail and executive political opponents, including several of his colleagues.

Initially, Hani sought to limit foreign influence by reimplementing a policy of strict non-intervenionism and semi-isolationism, joining the Non-Aligned Movement. It drafted an economic policy of autarkey-oriented import substitution-led industrialization, adopting a more interventionist approach. To strengthen its independence and legitimacy, it militarized and normalized relations with several communist nations; most notably the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, being among the first of the non-communist nations to recognize the latter's independence and validity. However, it still maintained bilaterial relations with Hainan and recognized it as a separate entity. As population growth began to outstrip growth in agricultural productivity (which was stagnant), Hani became a net importer of grains, and established various trading agreements with both China and the Soviet Union establishing tax exemptions on the trade of agricultural products. Despite the rather lax stance against the communists on the international scene, Hani continued to enact various anti-leftist legislation and persecute those with such beliefs, with classical liberals and other associated political groups included. In the response to Han emigration, emigration and immigration laws were tightened, barring anyone (save for a few exceptions) from entering the country nor flee it.

Rapprochement with the West
The Kafushin Revolution (otherwise known as the Yang Wood Dragon Revolution), led by Head General Tchiang Shiokueng abolished the increasingly plutocratic administration. Convinced that the poor socio-economic conditions resulting from inadequate and underfunded reconstruction programs would cause the country to lapse into communism, Tchiang Shiokueng dissolved the powerless National Assembly and the position of President; instead re-instating the then-exiled House of Li and its monarch as the head of state. Hani under the new military junta declared anti-communism would lay the basis of the new foreign policy, severing ties with the Soviet Bloc and China, joining the Conference of American States (CAS) and  as a special observer state, while joining the Trans-Pacific Allied Community (TPAC) as a full-fledged member state. Hani tried to reestablish and normalize bilateral relations with Sierra, ratifying the Treaty on Basic Relations in-exchange for reparations for atrocities and damage inflicted during the colonial era (including forced labour and the seizure of property without consent); a sum of approximately $2.4 billion (in 1964 dollars), or approximately $18.58 billion in modern monetary value. Asides from financial compensation, Sierra promise to grant free college tuition to scholars for the next six years.

Economic development
The administration constructed a  market economy based upon the practices of. Hani utilized the abundance of cheap yet abundant labour as the catalyst for economic development; which were laid out through various economic plans prioritizing the development of. In addition, it was rich in human capital, already holding a relatively high educational attainment, especially for the region and compared to countries espousing a similar level of socio-economic development. Hani for example, displayed and a majority literate population. Financial capital was considered also a pre-requisite for such rapid and ambitious development, so the regime graciously allowed direct-foreign investment and eagerly accepted the influx of financial aid. Furthermore, a select group of businesses engaged primarily in heavy industries were selected by the government. These businesses were granted low-interest loans and numerous tax benefits from the banking sector (monopolized and nationalized by the state-owned Han Central Bank), and under government supervision and guidance grew into large international business conglomerates known as Qianzu, which were mainly family-owned and privatized.

As a result, the Second Economic Plan yielded favourable results, consistently breaching goals in spite of allegations of deliberate inflation of the results. The industrial sector rose rapidly, aided by the massive demand for labour-intensive manufactured goods in Western and Japanese markets. Workers began to congregate in urban areas (particularly the emerging Zhenjing megacity) where the majority of industrial facilities and employment opportunities were situated in, causing a massive within rural communities. In order to facilitiate the modernization campaign, the work ethic was instilled, with many workers serving long working hours as a result. To maximize labour participation, women were encouraged to work as well, which coincided with the two-child policy and the breakdown of traditional family roles. These and other efforts promoting the full usage of idle resources maximized gross economic output.

Political turmoil
However, despite rapid economic development and stringent attempts to restrict and censor leftist material, pro-socialist movements began growing in popularity by the early seventies, becoming a minuscule but vocal minority. This was in response to growing social and regional wealth disparities, as the agrarian southern provinces often lagged in development and failed to achieve comparable gains made by the northern provinces. The Han government's legitimacy was also challenged by its deep involvement in the ; as it viewed this as an opportunity to prove loyalty to Sierrans skeptic of Han cooperation, and to justify an increasingly foreign policy, many also viewed it unnecessary to intervene in Indochinese affairs especially when Hani itself has just finished reeling itself from its own civil war. In response to mounting public scrutiny, the majority of active Han forces serving in Vietnam withdrew in 1973, a move mirroring the policy of pioneered by Anglo–America. In face of the newly-pursued, Hani was encouraged to soften its image to China, eventually re-normalizing bilateral relations, and establishing a consulate (then a full-fledged embassy) situated in Fuzhou. As part of the agreement, Hani supported their ascension to the League of Nations as a of the  (a position previously held by Hainan).

In 1972, the Nationalist Partisan Convention occurred, which sought to strip laws regarding term length (at the time, it was set at a maximum of one decade-long term), and grant the Prime Minister unchecked power, with bills and amendments being reviewed and passed at whim by the Cabinet; rendering the Imperial Diet irrelevant and powerless. This proved at odds at the oppositional faction, with the Li Han Mutiny prompting the government to suspend the constitution and habeas corpus, and the implementation of martial law, to enable him to effectively purge the legislature of opposition. Politicians found to be against the regime are often detained, eventually sentenced to exile with their extended families (often to Sierra). In extreme cases, they were assassinated by hired hitmen or fanatic supporters of the regime. Public surveillance, and other efforts to monitor the movement of people, such as compulsory identification tags, were also implemented.

As Hani supported Palestinian self-determination, and supported a compromise between Palestine and Israel, as well as not participating in the War, the   decided not to blockade Hani. However, the revealed the flaws of such an export-oriented economic model, as the Han economy began to falter after contracting  from its Western markets (which suffered coinciding recession and inflation, later called ). Despite this, growth persisted and accelerated under tolitarian rule. In order to maintain such stellar growth, more interest-free loans and credit were handed out; which resulted in the rise in bad debt and non-performing loans, which were often covertly bailed out by the government.

Geography
Hani is an comprised of numerous islands. It is bordered by the to the north, the  (East Han Sea) to the east, the  (West Han Sea) to the west, and the  to the south. The island of is located a few hundred miles southwest while  is located directly to the northwest. The and  are located to the south-southwest. The Han home island islands, otherwise known of (comprised of three island groups;, , and ), has a total of 7,107 islands with a total area of 300,000 km2 (115,831 sq. mi).

The highest point in Hani is ; located on the island of, it measures up to 3,952 meters (12,966 feet) above sea level. In contrast, in the  is the deepest point in Hani and is the third deepest point in the world with a depth of more than 10,540 metres (34,580 feet). The trench is located in the Han sea. The longest river is the which is located in the. Its basin measures at a 27,280 km2 (10,533 sq. mi) while having a total length of 505 km2 (314 sq. mi). , which is next to the capital city of Zhenjing, is connected to its largest lake,, via the.

Hani is situated on the Western fringes of the, and as a result, Hani experiences common seismic and volcanic activity, with up to twenty earthquakes registered daily. Fortunately, an overwhelming majority of these earthquakes are too weak to be felt or to pose a threat to the island's safety. Not all geographic features are so violent or destructive, an example of one of the most serene legacies of the geologic disturbances is the, which is one of the new. The surrounding area is a major target of conservation efforts, as it is one of the few largely untouched places in Hani, and contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and a high endemism rate.

Being located in the tropics, most of the islands, with the notable exemption of (which is dominated by flatlands and urban agglomerations), are covered in thick tropical rainforest and are mainly volcanic in origin. As a result of its volcanic nature, Hani has the second-largest gold deposits globally, one of the largest copper deposits, but is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Hani is the world's largest, providing roughly a fourth (approximately twenty-four percent) of the country's electricity demand.

Climate
Hani has a tropical maritime climate, and is usually hot and humid. Temperatures usually range from 21ºc (70ºf) to 32ºc (90ºf) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; the warmest is May.

Altitude typically is the most significant factor in regional variations in temperature, rather than location in terms of latitude or longitude. For example, the average yearly temperature in Kafugwai, which is at an elevation of around 1,5000 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level is 18.3ºc (64.9ºf). In contrast, the average yearly temperature at sea level is about 26.6ºc (79.9ºf).

Situated directly upon the typhoon belt, the archipelago receives yearly torrential rains and thunderstorms during the wet season, which lasts from July to October. An average of nineteen typhoons enter the Han area of responsibility annually, with about eight or nine making landfall. Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.

Overview and elections
Hani is a , while the monarch is the designated , real power rests resides in the Premier, the ; leading not only the Cabinet and the rest of the executive branch, but the Nationalist Party as the Head Chairman. The electoral system is non-democratic and pyramidal, with elections taking place very decade and all participants required to be a member of the Nationalist Party. All provincial and sub-provincial governments are directly-elected through popular vote. However, the higher political posts including the members of legislative (barring the executive and judicial) branches, are indirectly-elected by lower political posts. Finally, the members of the executive and judicial branch are elected by the members of the Imperial Diet. While the standard term length is ten years, there is no term limit, with all politicians applicable for term renewal.

The legislative body is the Imperial Diet, consisting of two chambers: the upper House of Peers (with seventy seats, five seats allocated per province) and the lower House of Representatives (with three-hundred seats). The judicial is headed by the Supreme Court. While it is the highest court in the country, it only has appellate jurisdiction over appeals cases relating to general and criminal law. The Constitutional Court has original jurisdiction surrounding any cases that involve constitutionality, having also additional powers on deciding cases regarding administrative legislation.

Monarchy
The royal house of Hani is the House of Li, with membership passed through both  and  lines. Via the terms of the constitution, the monarch is limited to a figurehead, though is granted associated with the ; including the symbolic right to declare war, participate in the negotiation and ratification of treaties, issue passports, the act of assent, issuance of edicts, and to create or dissolve government offices (under the discretion of the legislative and executive branches).

Administrative divisions
Hani is divided into fourteen provinces, which are in turn divided into prefectures, circuits, component and independent municipalities; which are all further divided into sub-entities including counties, districts, towns, neighbourhoods, villages, and hamlets. Each province is headed by a Governor, which is obligated to enforce federal law. All the provinces (with the exception of Mushirin) are autonomous and may be dissolved and reorganized by the discretion of the federal government.

Han Crown Armed Forces
The armed forces of Hani are divided into five distinct branches based on Sierran military organization: the Imperial Army, the Imperial Navy, the Imperial Air Force, the Imperial Marines, and the Imperial Coast Guard, which are all collectively known as the Han Crown Armed Forces (HCAF). While the Premier (also designated the Head Chairman of the Nationalist Party) wields the ceremonial title of Supreme Field Marshal, true authority is vested within the Head General (who functions as the ) and the Council of Officers (comprised of high-ranking military officials) and the Department of Defence and Public Security. As of 2015, the Department of Defence and Public Security has reported that there were approximately 1,600,000 Hans actively serving the military, with an additional 1,200,000 working as civilian employees for the military and associated government bodies. While military service is normally voluntary manner, conscription occurs during times of war. During times of war, all able-bodied men between the ages of 20 and 30 are automatically drafted and added into the waiting list, where they will receive three months worth of training before being deployed into battle. Individuals with health complications, disabilities, and obligations or other factors preventing a citizen from fulfilling their military duty are dropped out from the list (and can receive blacklisting from future drafts. Those who have moral objections may receive other options, such as being a medical personnel or engineer.

Hani is thought to wield one of the most powerful militaries, with the Second Cold War and the prompting it to increase its military capabilities (most notably the development of a ; the first of its kind in Asia). Military spending is heavily technology-oriented, with a total budget of $158.34 billion as of 2017. Hani is a global leader in the and  industries, though military spending has also been centred on manufacturing various armaments including missiles and guns (with domestic suppliers producing ninety percent of military items). While Hani is nuclear-capable, it is under the Sierran Nuclear Umbrella (due to its membership in the Trans-Pacific Allied Community, as well as special observer status within the Conference of American States) and its ratification of the.

Foreign relations
It is the founding member of the League of Nations and is its most influential Southeast Asian member, even applying for. Hani is also active in other organisations, representing the interests of the Han people. It has membership in, but not limited to, the, the , the , the Trans-Pacific Allied Community, the , and holds observer status within the Conference of American States. Most embassies and diplomatic missions are in Zhenjing and the areas surrounding it, though consulates are dispersed among Hani's major cities.

Hani also has military and defense pacts with nations, mostly with members of the Trans-Pacific Allied Community, though it, until the turn of the twenty-first century, has been largely in global military affairs. Even now, instead of participating directly in conflicts as a different side, it just sends aids that act under the wing of a separate polity.

Economy
Hani is designated as a highly, graduating from its status as a in the eighties. It has a strong, though it is prone to damage due to a recent strain in West–Han relations and regional instability. According to estimates from the, Hani's economy at stood at roughly $7.246 trillion whilst its economy at  stood at $5.278 trillion. This would make it ranked third and fourth globally according to which method is chosen. It is the largest economy within Southeast Asia, and the second-largest in Asia. A major economic power, it is a member of many economic organisations, including, , the ,  , and the the.

Hani's economy is driven by the production and exportation of high-tech precision goods such as, , , , and , and is the world's second-largest exporter after China. Despite its wide-scale economic involvement in other regions, it is a well-known practicer of, placing high tariffs and has trading quotas on foreign imports to limit competition with domestically produced goods. It also practices some unfair trading practices, including to keep exports cheap. However, this does not stop it from being the fifth-largest importer as its economy relies on lots of, raw materials such as , , and to meet local food demands. Its main trading partners include members of the Conference of American States (mainly Sierra, and the United Commonwealth),, and the.

The Han is considered to follow the. It is a economy, with certain central sectors being fully  and publicly-owned. The secondary sector is dominated by privately-owned large-scale business conglomerates known as Qianzu, which are similar to the of Korea and the  of Japan. Meanwhile, the tertiary sector is dominated by privately small to medium-sized corporations. The nationalized Han Central Bank is the sole legal bank, lowering or raising the national to control  and.

Economic history and growth
From its founding until the  in the late fifties, Hani operated under a strict  that pivoted around the policy of. However, during the sixties, the economic policy shifted to an model, which, coupled with unequal  policies promoted the. Two of the most critical and earliest reforms included the dismantlement of, and reorganization of many into privatized family-owned. Initially facing a severe lack of funds, the Han economy began to receive a massive inflow of reparations from Sierra following the normalization of foreign relations, as well as receiving direct-foreign investment from foreign companies.

Economic development was organized under five-year economic plans, which emphasized the development of the sector, including the steel, shipbuilding, automobile-manufacturing, and petrochemical industries. To facilitiate economic expansion, banks (which were nationalized and publicly-owned) handed out interest-free loans and cheap credit. It also included the expansion of human capital (especially education), basic infrastructure, and full efficient utilization of all available and idle resources. This led to a prolonged –referred to the Miracle on the Chuu River–which lasted well after the ousting of the repressive military junta. This period oversaw an average of seven percent economic growth, rapidly catapulting Hani into the status of a and a major.

The severity upon it was hit during revealed structural weaknesses in the Han economy, including the rigidity of central planning and a weak  system, as well as signalled a shift to -based growth. These problems manifested on the aftermath of the, while Hani avoided economic contraction, it did not escape an economic slump as the rate for economic expansion began to mature and slow amid troubles with a domestic credit troubles coupled with weakening international demand for its exports.

Labour
Workers' rights are both enshrined and entrenched in the Han Constitution, and as a result, Han labourers enjoy one of the highest-working standards and wages within the region. The Han is set at $7.5 every hour, or $15,000 annually, and with the exception of, receive benefits that include  and subsidised  for their children.

are traditionally long; an excess of more than 2,000 hours annually (or eight hours per work day), with the being from Monday to Friday (with many working in Saturday as overtime). This long working period is a result of the government's attempt to facilitate economic expansion–in light of increased and a decline in the –through heightened, higher employment, and the  of non-skilled labour. However, in response to several key problems brought by this long working period, the current administration has established a campaign that aims to lower working hours to 1,200 (a decrease by a third) hours a day within a 10-year transitionary period.

Many problems stem from the long working hours, including reported incidences of in which workers were pushed to suicide or heart attacks/strokes brought by stress, an issue also prevalent in nearby Korea,, and South Vietnam. It is also largely responsible for the country's fairly low (but rapidly rising) fertility rate, prompting the government to introduce efforts to facilitate child rearing by subsidizing child care services.

Currency
The Han Qian (: 錢 or ¢; : HNC) is the of Hani. It is divided into zen by a ratio of 1/100, and further divided into mun by a ratio of 1/1,000. The qian is largely issued in the form of banknotes, with coins becoming increasingly obsolete due to their low value coupled with rising consumer prices. A result of Hani's miraculous economic expansion, the qian has emerged as the world's third-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the ($) and the  (€). A low and value has led to its candidacy as a potential global  and is currently going further  in case either dollar or the euro crashes.

Population


In 2012, the Han National Census Bureau has officially-counted a total of 149,075,917 residents, rising marginally to an estimated 151,121,525 residents in 2017; both the figures include and. The population is highly centralized on the island of Liusong, which is home to above a hundred million people, with three-quarters (about 78 million) residing within the. The largest ethnicity are the Hans which comprise roughly six-sevenths of the total population.

In addition, there are over three million (comprising almost three percent of the total population); the largest enclaves are found in the territories of Palawan, Buhuru, and Little Netherlands, with the rest evenly-dispersed among major cities. However, this is attributed to historical Sierran rather than recent immigration, as restrictive emigration policies have stalled repatriation attempts. Many eventually and became recognized as  permanent residents; albeit reduced to the legal status of. Due to the recent laxity and liberalization of immigration laws, there has been an influx of a second wave of migrants, most of which are either or  from mainland Asia.

and are determined through the policy of  (right of blood); under Han law, any person with at least one  of Han ancestry, regardless of place of birth and nationality can apply for citizenship. Introduced in the eighties, is typically reserved for foreign-born Hans that have resided within the country for a period of two years or more.

Vital statistics
In 1500, the archipelago had an estimated population of 8,000,000, half of Japan's (15,400,000) and comparable to that of Germany (10,500,000). Contemporary Hani has approximately almost twenty percent more people than Japan and twice that of Germany; with around 150 million people (almost a nineteen-fold increase) it is ranked globally, ahead of  but behind.

Hani has chronic issue regarding ; during much of the nineteenth century, it hovered between three to four births per woman. Even during the of the fifties, the fertility rate average was lower than the global average of five at the time. However, even this was higher than the, which, coupled with low death rates, yielded high population growth during the nineteenth and early twentieeth centuries. During the early sixties, the population growth rate was very favourable, at over two per cent per annum. However, as occurred, the situation reversed. During the fifties, the fertility rate was 5.15 births per woman, in 2010, it reached a mere 0.90 births per woman–the lowest recorded of any major country. Fortunately policies has raised the  to 1.68 births per woman by 2017; lower than the French but higher than either the Japanese or the Germans. The current growth rate is roughly 0.7 percent per annum, but is predicted to start to stabilize by the mid-2030s.

The low birth rate and a high life expectancy (an average of 82.5 years in 2016) has also contributed to rapid, with the average age of a Han being forty years. About a tenth of Hans are elderly (being older than 65 years), but the proportion could rise to near 40 per cent by 2050. Hani has a high rate of (people 100 years old or older), with 47 centenarians per 100,000 people.

Language
The Han language is the and the  of Hani. Virtually all Hans have the ability to speak the said language (or its derivative varieties) and to write in the Hanji script with a high degree of fluency. Another twenty percent speak another. The official global regulatory body of the Han language is the, which governs the proper usage of the Han language.

is the second most prominent language as words of English origin are often incorporated into signs and media. While it is mandatory in secondary and postsecondary education, and most Hans have attained basic skills in English, its public usage is rather minimal. Other languages spoken within Hani are, , , , but these are largely restricted to ethnic groups of their origin.

Religious affiliation
According to its constitution, Hani is a with no officially-recognized ; instead it actively supports the  and guarantees the  of. The state legislature, the Imperial Diet, is prohibited to pass any legislations regulating or promoting religious practices.

are the majority, comprising almost three-fourths (approximately seventy percent) of the population; it is a and pivots around a set of philosophical and ethical teachings developed by the philosopher. It is and, and its beliefs are based upon the notion that humans are fundamentally benevolent; perfectible through both personal and communal endeavour. is the second-largest faith, comprising seventeen percent of the population or constituting about twenty-five million adherents. While the three major branches–the, , and sects–each have a notable presence, the latter is the most predominant.

that have notable followings include and.

is the third-largest religion, comprising about eight percent of the total population or constituting about twelve million adherents. is the largest Christian denomination, succeded by the  and. is not mainstream, with the, , and the being the three largest Protestant churches. Church attendance rates are relatively high; with about two-thirds of registered Christians attending church on a weekly-basis, and virtually all attending on at least a monthly-basis.

is a plurality within the south, comprising about three percent of the total population, translating to about roughly four million adherents. Most Muslims are followers of the branch of the  sect.

The remaining two percent (or three million) have described themselves as either;, , , and/or.

Family structure and law
According to the government census, the majority of Hans are either married or (8%)). Two percent were, 6% are , and the remaining 7% are currently not engaged in any sort of long-term relationship. Family structure revolves around the deeply-rooted concept of a , and is treated as the second-most important societal unit after the collective community. Hani is traditionally a  society, and households are jointly-led by a  and . In the past, clans lived within the same proximity of each other, and the residents of each house represented up to four generations. However,  has led to the growing irrelevance of clan relations, and the incidence of smaller families.

While same-sex relationships have been documented since medieval times, and is not shunned upon, marriage is still traditionally regarded as a union between a man and a woman, though the notion has been recently challenged by same-sex couples. However, are recognized. Marriages revolving around, including (though relations between  are permitted in special cases, if they had not prior to their relationship), is strictly forbidden. is similarly outlawed and strictly-enforced laws regarding adultery and extramarital sexual affairs are in-place. All of these are classified as by federal law, with felons receiving up to  for breaking these offences.

Culture
Hani is, and thereby considered part of the. Historically, a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual region, a series of staunchly-enforced policies has led to a vastly heightened level of cultural uniformity. As a result of resistance to  (and introduced  or perceived immoral beliefs) and to counterbalance  or, there is a rooted perception of a   and , which rejects notions of  and , and strives for the stringent compliance to standard societal norms and expectations.

Han culture is often analyzed as staunchly (thus espousing a considerable degree of ),, and. The bulk of its beliefs stem heavily from, specifically the branch, a more secular form shedding spiritualistic elements adopted from  and. The ideology itself is based upon the notion that humans are inherently perfectible, with perfection being attainable through self-imposed or communal determination. Three main principles provide the underlying basis of Han culture. Firstly, the adherence to a strict moralistic and ethical code based on five revered virtues (collectively known as the Five Constants);, , , and. Secondly, promotion of societal order via the establishment of a explicitly-defined. And lastly, the emphasization of the four bonds (ruler to ruled, friend to friend, parent to child, and eldest to youngest).

In addition to the mainstream culture of Hani, there are various distinct subcultures, with the most prominent being the culture of Palawan, a specially-administered region which until recently, been a Sierran colony. Palawan culture is noticeably more heavily liberalized and cosmopolitan, as a result of with immigrants of other races and ethnicities.

Television and radio
Han mainstream media is dominated by three major broadcasting companies: the state-owned National Broadcasting Service (NBS), and the privatized Zhenjing Arts Corporation (HAC) and Hibiscus Network Company (HNC). Around 120 million Hans are subscribed to a, , or other forms of television broadcasting. On average, a Han spends about two hours a day watching television programs (excluding time spent on computers, tablets, or other mobile devices). The number of hours is significantly higher among younger age cohorts, reaching as high as four hours among the 13–18 age group. Conversely, while the average Han only spends thirty minutes listening to, Hans use music-streaming services quite often with usage among younger Han reaching six hours.

Important genres of television include; and, , , and  and. have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches. There is frequent, and many foreign programs (notably Sierran television and ) are banned to air on public television, with those permitted often designated to occupy late time-slots.

Internet usage
Hani is a renowned world leader in internet connectivity and penetration, having the world's at twenty. It is the second country to achieve over fifty-percent broadband penetration per capita, and also to complete full conversion from to. Since its launch, Hani has consistently ranked within the top five for the. A poll conducted in 2014 showed that Hans spent approximately four hours online, additionally, according to a 2007 study, over ninety percent of Hans, or about 135 million people, utilize the internet on at least a weekly-basis.

The top level domain (cctld) for Hani is .hn, with the most popular websites in Hani (excluding and ) in 2013 being the social media sites Whistler and Sumi, alongside the video-streaming site Viewer. Mainstream Western sites including and  are seldom used, as much of their contents are either blocked (especially those critical of the regime) or unable to attract public attention.

Music
Until the eighties, conservative and  dominated the music scene. However, the relaxation of restrictions implemented upon cultural imports resulted in the emergence of contemporary Han popular music (otherwise known as H-pop). The nascent genre was heavily influenced by, , (including other derivative forms of ), ,  and. It is characterized by an abundance of audiovisual elements, performers and artists are typically part of a same-sex group (boy or girl bands) rather than being solo artists or duos.

The major music-recording companies in Hani are (listed in amount of revenue): Zhenjing Entertainment (ZJE), Southern Star Entertainment (SSE), and Chutsu Entertainment (CTE). Most music artists typically debut at a young age (ranging between sixteen to twenty-one), and undergo at least two years of vigorous training alongside their normal daily schedule.

Cosmetics and beauty standards
Han beauty standards are a distinctive part of Han culture, with Hani having the highest rate of cosmetic surgeries per capita. About a fifth of women aged 21–49 has had cosmetic surgery (with the most popular procedures being nose augmentation, jaw reduction, and rib removal), with men only comprising a tenth of clientele. Examples of Han beauty criteria include; a high-bridged nose, a small soft v-shaped face, double eyelids, and pale clear skin. Most of these features are thought to exemplify innocence and chastity.

It is a social norm for both and men to spend a lot on cosmetic products. Popular products include blemish balm creams, colour correction creams, essences, serums, exfoliating scrubs, and facial masks (which are intended to serve a lot of purposes). Many Han beauty products contain ingredients that are not included in Western products; including, tea tree oil, green tea extract, and snail cream. In addition to cosmetic products, beauty is said to be achievable through certain dietary or therapeutic practices, which are largely derived or influence from Chinese traditional medicine or local animist tradition.

Cuisine and dining
Han cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its humble origins to become highly, incorporating numerous (particularly the regional cuisine found in  and ), ,  and  elements that had been adapted to locally-produced ingredients and palate. Seasoning is used heavily to add flavours; for example, garlic is used to enrich the taste and mask the scent of dishes utilizing entrails, while coconut milk and peppers are used in creamy dishes. Spices commonly used are ginger, chili peppers, and powdered black pepper. Other seasonings include soy sauce, oyster sauce, vinegar, salt, sugar, and rice wine. With the exception of coriander and spring onions, which are merely used as, there is little to no usage of.

Similar to other Asian countries, rice enjoys status as the staple grain and formulates the basis of a standard Han diet. However, and, which have been introduced as part of the , has emerged as widely-used crops as well. Pork and chicken alongside seafood are the most heavily consumed meats, although Han cuisine readily uses any edible meats; including entrails, offal, and molluscs. Fruits including mangoes, bananas, avocados, and dragonfruit are rarely added into dishes, and instead consumed separately raw, while vegetables are typically boiled or stewed prior to consumption.

Dining is traditionally considered an important social activity that reinforces familial relations. are seldom used, and instead dishes are consumed with the use of, or when consuming the liquid contents of soups or stew, a. Main course dishes are typically eaten with a variety of side-dishes, with confectionaries or sweet-drinks concluding meals. may be ingested during meals, with or  consumed casually, while  is typically reserved for formal settings.