Kingdom of Tondo

The Kingdom of Tondo (: بانسانانعتوندو; 国的通多, Bansa nang Tundu) was a Han kingdom that consisted of the island of  and several adjacent islands. Its capital was located in what is now the Binondo district of Hanyang. Prior to the Ruson Conquests, it shared borders with Kingdom of Pangasinan to the north and the Madya-as Confederaiton, the Kingdom of Ma-i, and the Rajahnate of Cebu to the south. It lasted from at least the ninth century until the Na Coup D'état in 1675.

According to the, it was established as a city-state centred on the in the ninth century, steadily expanding to encompass all land from the  to the southernmost tip of the. As it capitalised on being central to regional trade routes, it became a major power within the region and earned the favour of Ming traders and special trading rights. While this had brought it great prosperity, it also made it prone to piracy from jealous and unwanted attention from foreign powers seeking to annex it.

By 1500, Tondo had became so wealthy from trade with the Ming that the sought to incorporate it through the use of royal marriage. After the rejection of the offer, Brunei invaded its capital before forcing Tondo to accept the offer. The traditional rulers of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and property upon embracing Islam, but real political power was transferred to the, established by after his submission to Islam. In 1574, the  the Hanyang Bay area. While the Bruneian–led coalition would win, the death following the war would entrench the fear of pirates and foreign occupation, while simultaneously creating a hatred on the Bruneians for not being able to prevent the onslaught of pirates. After Bruneian defeat in the Bruneian–Spanish War, and prompted by Spanish expansion into Shonanmin and Borneo, Tondo would initiate the conquest of neighbouring states would that lead to the unification of, and the formation of the modern Han nation.

During its long existence, it experienced notable cultural shifts. Most notably a shift from a small, to a , then later  , and finally, a. The period also oversaw the increased popularity of religions such as and  in place of local, the beginning of the widespread adoption of Chinese technology, methods, and architecture, and the shift in the Han language (caused by the mass-adoption of Chinese loanwords and sinification of preexisting lexicon); laying the basis of modern Han culture.

Etymology
Numerous hypotheses on the origin of Tondo's name have been proposed. A common hypothesis is that perhaps the name is a reference to the presence of high-ground (which in would be توندوك or 高地  Tundok). Meanwhile, French linguist Jean-Paul Potet has suggested that the Old Tagalog term for the local River Mangrove, , is the most likely origin of the term.

The, which comprises the ethnic majority, referred to themselves as تاونعتوندو or 人的通多 ( Taung Tundu), or تاونانعتوندو or 人的通多 ( Tau nang Tundu) in. In Later Tagalog/Classical Han (the distinction is blurred and debated among linguists), they would refer to themselves by simply the noun 通多人 ( Tondojin).