Constitution of New Cambria/Full text

PREAMBLE

In the name of God, One in the Holy Trinity.

We, the citizens of the Republic of New Cambria, represented by the freely elected Parliament,

filled with the spirit of the inviolable values of human dignity and freedom, being loyal to all good traditions of our ancestry,

in order to form a national union, guarantee justice, secure domestic peace, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity

adopt this Constitution, the Fundamental Law of the Republic of New Cambria.

Article 1
The Republic of New Cambria is a sovereign, independent, democratic and social state with a parliamentary government.

"The Republic of New Cambria" and "New Cambria" are equivalent names.

Article 2
The sovereignty of the Republic of New Cambria is indivisible, inalienable and non-transferable

The sovereignty bearer and sole source of authority in the Republic of New Cambria is its people, the citizens of the Republic of New Cambria.

The citizens of the Republic of New Cambria exercise their authority through democratically elected Members of Parliament, through referendum, and through other forms of direct expression.

Democracy entails the right of the individual to participate in and influence the development of society and his living conditions.

Article 3
The state authority is exercised in the Republic of New Cambria on the basis of a division into legislative, executive and judicial power. The legislative, executive and judicial powers are independent of each other.

Article 4
The Republic of New Cambria as a subject of international law shall enter treaty relationship with other states. The procedure for concluding, publishing, ratifying and denouncing international treaties is specified by a law.

Article 5
The Republic of New Cambria consists of St. George's County, Cape Bangor County, Avery County, North-West County, St. David's County, Stone County, Trinity County, Cavit Island, and Outer Islands.

The territory of the Republic of New Cambria is indivisible, inviolable and inalienable.

The Republic of New Cambria has no territorial pretensions towards any other state.

Article 6
Land and other natural resources are property of the people. The issues of ownership, use and disposal of natural resources is determined by the laws of the Republic of New Cambria.

The Republic guarantees the protection, promotion and enhancement of the historical and artistic heritage of the people of New Cambria. The law regulates the mode and conditions under which specific items of general interest for the Republic can be ceded for use.

Article 7
Counties and municipalities are independent within their authority. Local self-government institutions are not be part of the state bodies.

Article 8
The official language of the Republic of New Cambria is the English language.

The counties and municipalities have the right to recognise other regional languages.

The right of everyone to use their own language before courts of law and other authorities, and to receive official documents in that language is guaranteed. The Republic shall provide for the cultural and societal needs of the English-speaking and other populations of the country on an equal basis.

The Republic guarantees the right to freely use the mother language for all the ethnic groups residing in New Cambria.

Article 9
The counties and municipalities manage their affairs independently within their authority as laid down by law. Their income sources, and their right to decide whether and how to use their sources of income, is regulated by law.

Article 10
This constitution has superior legal force. The laws adopted in the Republic of New Cambria shall comply with the Constitution, and all other regulations shall comply with the Constitution and law.

Article 11
The National Bank of the Republic of New Cambria is a currency-issuing bank.

The National Bank is autonomous and responsible for the stability of the currency, monetary policy and for the general liquidity of payments in the Republic and abroad.

The organisation and work of the National Bank are regulated by a law.

Article 12
All laws and other regulations shall be published. The form of publication and the implementation of laws shall be in accordance with law.

Laws come into force on the eighth day after the day of their publication at the earliest, or on the day of publication in exceptional cases determined by the Parliament.

Article 13
The state symbols of the Republic of New Cambria are the national emblem, the national flag and the national anthem.

The national emblem, the national flag and the national anthem of the Republic of New Cambria are adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Article 14
The Capital of the Republic of New Cambria is the city of Arvant.

Article 15
The Republic of New Cambria recognizes and guarantees the human rights and freedoms fixed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International covenants of economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights, or in other universally recognized international legal acts.

Article 16
No person's freedom can be restricted except by court decision or in cases and procedures determined by a law.

Article 17
Everyone is equal before the law and enjoys human rights irrespective of sex, religion, opinion, national origin, race, colour, property, birth or other status.

Equality of the sexes is promoted in societal activity and working life, especially in the determination of pay and the other terms of employment.

Article 18
The right to life, personal liberty, integrity, security, and ownership of private property are the natural human rights.

Article 19
Any person deprived of his liberty shall be entitled to be informed promptly of the reasons for this measure.

Persons detained shall be brought before a court as soon as possible, within a maximum period of 24 hours from the moment of detention, and the legality of their detention shall there be decided upon without delay.

Detention may last, by court decision, for a maximum of 90 days from the day of detention.

Persons detained may, under the conditions determined by a law, be released from custody to conduct their defence.

Article 20
Every detainee shall have the right to resort to the help of a lawyer from the moment of detainer, and shall have the right not to testify in the absence of a lawyer.

Article 21
No one shall be tried twice for a deed in respect of which a legally valid court verdict has been once brought in already.

Article 22
No one shall be found guilty of a criminal offence or be sentenced to a punishment on the basis of a deed, which has not been determined punishable by an Act at the time of its commission.

The penalty imposed for an offence shall not be more severe than that provided by an Act at the time of commission of the offence.

Article 23
Every citizen of the Republic of New Cambria and foreigners legally resident in New Cambria have the right of free movement within the territory of the Republic and to choose the place of residence.

A citizen of New Cambria shall not be prevented from entering New Cambria or deported or extradited or transferred from New Cambria to another country against their will.

The rights of aliens to enter and reside in New Cambria, and the reasons for which they may be expelled, shall be laid down by a law. A foreigner shall not be deported, extradited or returned to another country, if in consequence he is in danger of a death sentence, torture or other treatment violating human dignity.

No one may be barred from leaving New Cambria except by judicial decision. A person may however be prevented from leaving New Cambria by a lawful arrest.

Article 24
The human dwelling shall be inviolable. No one has the right to penetrate a dwelling against the will of the person living in it except in cases specified by a law, or on the basis of a court order.

Article 25
A child acquires the citizenship of New Cambria at birth and through the citizenship of its parents.

An alien can only be granted the citizenship of New Cambria according to law.

No one may be deprived of the citizenship of New Cambria. Loss of citizenship may, however, be provided for by a law, in the event a person accepts citizenship in another state.

The Republic of New Cambria guarantees protection and patronage to its citizens abroad.

Article 26
No one may be subjected to torture or any other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Death penalty may never be stipulated by a law.

Forced labour is prohibited.

Article 27
A person indicted for an offence shall be considered innocent until his guilt is established by a legally valid court verdict.

Article 28
Every citizen may invoke the protection of freedoms and rights determined by the Constitution before the regular courts, as well as before the Supreme Court of New Cambria, through a procedure based upon the principles of priority and urgency.

A hearing by a court of law shall take place in public, except if the judge decides otherwise as provided for by a law in the interest of morals, public order, the security of the Republic or the interests of the parties.

Article 29
Everybody has the right to the freedom of private life, to personal and family secrets, to the protection of honour and dignity, to the freedom of conscience, religion, creative work, thought, speech and convictions.

The secrecy of correspondence, telephony and other confidential communications is inviolable.

Documents and recordings in the possession of the authorities are public, unless their publication has for compelling reasons been specifically restricted by a law. Everyone has the right of access to public documents and recordings.

Everyone shall be free to express his thoughts, but shall also be liable to answer for them in court. The law may never provide for censorship or other similar limitations to freedom of expression.

Notwithstanding the provisions of the first and the second paragraphs above, the mentioned freedoms may be otherwise limited by statutory provisions if this is urgently necessary for the protection of the rights of others.

Article 30
The right of private ownership is inviolate. No one may be obliged to surrender his property unless required by public interests. Such a measure shall be provided for by a law, and full compensation shall be paid.

Foreign subjects in the Republic of New Cambria may acquire the right of ownership of property under conditions determined by a law.

Article 31
Citizens are guaranteed freedom of association to exercise and protect their political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and convictions. The exercise of this right may be restricted only during a state of emergency or war.

People are free to assemble unarmed. Public gatherings may be attended by police. Public gatherings in the open may be banned if it is feared that riots may ensue.

Associations may be formed without prior permission for any lawful purpose, including political associations and trade unions.

Forbidden is the formation and activities of association, parties and movements whose aims and operations include the forceful transformation of the constitutional system, the detriment of state security, the creation of armed groups, the incitement of social, racial, national and religious discord.

No one may be obliged to be a member of any association.

Article 32
Everyone is free to pursue the occupation of his choosing. This right may however be restricted by a law, if such restriction is required with regard to the public interest.

The right of people to negotiate terms of employment and other labour-related matters shall be regulated by a law.

No one shall be dismissed from employment without a lawful reason.

Article 33
In order to exercise their economic and social rights, citizens have the right to establish trade unions. Trade unions can constitute confederations and become members of international trade union organisations.

The law may restrict the conditions for the exercise of the right to trade union organisation in the armed forces, the police and administrative bodies.

Article 34
The right to strike is guaranteed.

The law may restrict the conditions for the exercise of the right to strike in the armed forces, the police and administrative bodies.

Article 35
Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to basic subsistence in the event of unemployment, illness, and disability and during old age as well as at the birth of a child or the loss of a provider.

The Republic shall guarantee for everyone health and medical services, and promote the health of the population. Moreover, the Republic shall support families and others responsible for providing for children so that they have the ability to ensure the wellbeing and personal development of the children.

Article 36
The Republic provides particular care and protection for the family.

The legal relations in marriage, the family and cohabitation are regulated by a law.

Article 37
The law shall guarantee for everyone suitable general education and tuition.

Primary education is compulsory and free.

Citizens have a right to establish private schools at all levels of education, with the exception of primary education, under conditions determined by a law.

The autonomy of universities is guaranteed.

Article 38
Citizens of the Republic of New Cambria who have attained eighteen years of age are in full possession of all the rights and duties established by this Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria, including the right to vote in national elections and referendums.

Every citizen of New Cambrian and every foreigner permanently resident in New Cambria, having attained eighteen years of age, has the right to vote in municipal elections and municipal referendums, as provided by a law. Provisions on the right to otherwise participate in municipal government are laid down by a law.

The right to vote is equal, universal and direct, and is exercised at free elections by secret ballot.

Article 39
All the citizens and residents of the Republic of New Cambria must pay taxes according to the procedure established by a law.

No tax may be levied unless the levy was permitted by a law at the time when the facts occurred on which the tax liability is based.

Article 40
Everyone present in the territory of the Republic of New Cambria must abide by its Constitution and its legislation.

Foreign subjects enjoy freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution in the Republic of New Cambria, under conditions regulated by a law and international agreements.

The Republic guarantees the right of asylum to foreign subjects and stateless persons expelled because of democratic political convictions and activities.

Article 41
Nature and its biodiversity, the environment and the national heritage are the responsibility of everyone.

The Republic shall endeavour to guarantee for everyone the right to a healthy environment and for everyone the possibility to influence the decisions that concern their own living environment.

Article 42
The defence of the Republic of New Cambria is the right and duty of every citizen.

The exercise of this right and duty of citizens is regulated by a law.

Article 43
Members of nationalities have a right freely to express, foster and develop their identity and national attributes.

The Republic guarantees the protection of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of the nationalities.

Article 44
A mentioning of some rights in the Constitution shall not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of other rights commonly recognized by international acts.

Article 45
The Roman Catholic Church is the National Church in New Cambria and, as such, it shall be supported and protected by the Republic.

This may be amended by a law.

Article 46
The Roman Catholic Church and other religious communities and groups are free to establish schools and other social and charitable institutions, by ways of a procedure regulated by law.

Article 47
All persons have the right to form religious associations and to practice their religion in conformity with their individual convictions. Nothing may however be preached or practised which is prejudicial to good morals or public order.

No one may lose any of his civil or national rights on account of his religion, nor may anyone refuse to perform any generally applicable civil duty on religious grounds.

Everyone shall be free to remain outside religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any personal dues to any religious association of which he is not a member.

A person who is not a member of any religious association shall pay to the University of New Cambria the dues that he would have had to pay to such an association, if he had been a member. This may be amended by a law.

Article 48
All the legislative authority established by this Constitution shall be exercised by the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria.

The organisation and functioning of the Parliament are regulated by the Constitution and by the Rules of Procedure. The Parliament adopts the Rules of Procedure by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Sessions of the Parliament are held in one chamber.

Article 49
The Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria consists of one hundred members, who are elected for a term of three years at a time.

The term of office of the Parliament can be extended only during states of war or emergency.

Article 50
The elections to the Parliament shall be carried out on the basis of a universal, equal and direct suffrage, by means of secret ballot

The Members of Parliament represent the citizens and make decisions in the Parliament in accordance with their personal convictions.

The mode and conditions of election of Members of Parliament are regulated by a law adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Elections for the Parliament are held within the last 60 days of the term of the current Parliament, or within 30 days from the day of the dissolution of the Parliament.

Article 51
Every citizen of the Republic of New Cambria who has reached the age of 25 and is in possession of suffrage may become Members of Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria.

A person holding military office cannot, however, be elected as a Member of Parliament.

Holding the office of the President of the Republic of New Cambria, of a member of the Executive Council, or other public or state offices, as well as exercising any other paid activities except the teaching, research or other creative activities, shall be incompatible with the membership in the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria. Members of Parliament shall receive a remuneration for their work in the Parliament, paid by the Republic of New Cambria.

If a Member of Parliament is elected President of the Republic or appointed or elected to another public or state office, he ceases to be a Member of Parliament from the date of appointment or election.

Article 52
Each new Member of Parliament shall take a pledge to uphold the Constitution when his election has been approved.

Article 53
The Parliament is dissolved when more than half of the total number of Members of Parliament vote for dissolution.

Article 54
The first session of a newly elected Parliament shall be convened by the President of the Republic of New Cambria within the first month after the date of elections.

Article 55
The powers of the previous Parliament shall terminate from the moment when the newly elected Parliament begins its work.

The Parliament is in permanent session.

Article 56
The Parliament is inviolate. No person may disturb its peace or violate its freedom.

Each Member of Parliament has the right to speak freely in the Parliament on all matters under consideration and on how they are dealt with.

A Member of Parliament shall conduct himself with dignity and decorum, and not behave offensively to another person. If a Member of Parliament is in breach of such conduct, the Chairman of Parliament may point this out or prohibit the Member of Parliament from continuing to speak. The Parliament may caution a Member of Parliament who has repeatedly breached the order or suspend him from sessions of the Parliament for a maximum of two weeks.

Article 57
The Parliament shall normally convene in Arvant, but under special circumstances the President of the Republic may order that the Parliament convene at another place in New Cambria.

Article 58
The Parliament elects a Chairman, his deputies or other officials out of its members.

The election of the Chairman and his deputies is conducted by secret ballot. If no one has received the required majority of the votes in the first two ballots, the Member of Parliament receiving the most votes in the third ballot is deemed elected.

The Chairman presides over parliamentary sessions, assists Members of Parliament in exercising their powers, provides them with necessary information, and signs the resolutions of the Parliament.

The Chairman of Parliament:


 * represents the Parliament;
 * presents the matters on the agenda;
 * oversees the debate and ensures the application of the Rules of Procedure; and
 * carries out other responsibilities determined by the Constitution and the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament.

The Speaker does not participate in debates.

Article 59
The Parliament may not take a decision unless a quorum of more than half of its Members are present at the meeting and take part in the voting.

Bills shall be passed by a simple majority vote, but no less than one-third of the total number of Members of Parliament, in the Parliament except in for cases specifically mentioned in the Constitution. Constitutional laws and bills requiring a qualified-majority vote shall be passed by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Article 60
Laws are declared by promulgation.

The promulgation declaring a law is signed by the President of the Republic and the Chairman of Parliament.

The President of the Republic may decide not to sign the promulgation declaring a law.

The President of the Republic is obligated to sign a promulgation if the law has been adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament in accordance with the Constitution.

Article 61
The right to initiate legislation in the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria belongs to Members of Parliament, to the President of the Republic of New Cambria, to the Supreme Court of the Republic of New Cambria, to the Attorney General of the Republic of New Cambria, and to a group of at least 10,000 voters.

Members of Parliament may put forward:


 * legislative motions, containing a proposal for the enactment of a law;
 * budgetary motions, containing a proposal for an appropriation to be included in the budget or a supplementary budget, or for another budgetary decision; and
 * petitionary motions, containing a proposal for the drafting of a law or for taking other measures.

Article 62
The Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria:


 * passes the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria;
 * exercise the interpretation of the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria;
 * determines public taxes and fees;
 * decides on administrative and territorial changes;
 * decides on war and peace;
 * hears the Presidential messages on the situation in the country, the principle aspects of domestic and foreign policy of the Republic and methods of their implementation;
 * adopts the budget and the balance of payments of the Republic;
 * makes decisions concerning the reserves of the Republic;
 * adopt a criminal code and criminal judicial procedure, arbitration and other legislation, as well as laws on the judicial system and prosecution laws;
 * establishes state awards, honorary titles and military ranks of the Republic of New Cambria;
 * ratifies and denounces international agreements;
 * decisions on association or disassociation from any form of union or community with other states;
 * elects the chairman of Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria and his deputies;
 * elects the Executive Council and the Prime Minister of the Republic of New Cambria;
 * carries out elections and discharges judges;
 * appoints or release the Attorney General, the Director of the National Bank, and other holders of public and state office;
 * carries out throgh elected trustees political monitoring and supervision of the Executive Council and other holders of public and state office responsible to the Parliament;
 * impeaches the President of the Republic of New Cambria with a view to his dismissal;
 * issues notice of a referendum;
 * grants amnesties;
 * decides on the lawfulness of introduction of a state of emergency or martial law;
 * decides on the issues of immunities of Members of Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria; and
 * exercises other powers entrusted to it by the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria.

Article 63
The Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria may pass a vote of no-confidence in an individual member of the Executive Council or the Executive Council in whole, and to submit this issue to the President of the Republic of New Cambria.

The President of the Republic is obligated to dismiss the member of the Executive Council or to dissolve the Executive Council if a vote of no no-confidence in them has been adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

The Executive Council itself has the right to raise the question of confidence before the Parliament.

Article 64
The Parliament may appoint committees of its Members in order to investigate important matters of public interest. The Parliament may grant authority to such committees to request reports, oral or written, from officials as well as from individuals.

Article 65
The financial accounts of the Republic, its institutions and administrative bodies, shall be subject to an audit by, or under the supervision of the Parliament, as provided by a law.

Article 66
No Members of Parliament may be subjected to custody on remand during a session of the Parliament without the consent of the Parliament, nor may a criminal action be brought against him unless he is caught in the act of committing a crime.

A Members of Parliament cannot be held to have committed a criminal offence or be detained owing to views he has expressed or to the way he has voted in the Parliament.

The Parliament may decide to invoke immunity for a Members of Parliament without his request, should it be necessary for the performance of the Members of Parliament's office.

Members of Parliament may not be called up for duties in the Armed Forces during the course of their term of office.

Article 67
A Members of Parliament may resign his mandate.

The Members of Parliament can have his mandate revoked for committing a criminal offence making him/her unfit to perform the office of a Members of Parliament, as well as for absence from the Parliament for longer than six months for no justifiable reason. Revocation of the mandate is determined by the Parliament by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Article 68
Meetings of the Parliament are held in public. Nevertheless, the Chairman of Parliament, or the quorum stipulated by the rules of procedure, may request that all those not Members of Parliament be excluded. The meeting shall then decide whether the matter shall be debated in a public or a closed session.

Article 69
The Parliament decides on issuing notice of a referendum concerning specific matters within its sphere of competence.

The decision of the majority of votes in a referendum is adopted on condition that more than half of the total number of voters voted.

The Parliament is obliged to issue notice of a referendum if one is proposed by at least 150,000 voters.

The decision made in a referendum is binding.

Article 70
The Parliament elects the Public Attorney.

The Public Attorney protects the constitutional and legal rights of citizens when violated by bodies of state administration and by other bodies and organisations with public mandates.

The Public Attorney is elected for a term of six years, with the right to one re-election

The conditions for election and dismissal, the sphere of competence and the mode of work of the Public Attorney are regulated by a law.

Article 71
The Executive power is vested in the Executive Council and the President of the Republic of New Cambria.

Article 72
The elections of the President of the Republic of New Cambria are based on the universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a term of six years.

The same person may not be President of the Republic of New Cambria for a longer period than two consecutive terms of office.

Article 73
Any person who is at least thirty-five years of age and fulfils the requirements necessary to vote in elections to the Parliament is eligible to be elected President of the Republic.

A person may not be elected President of the Republic if, on the day of the election, he has not been a resident of the Republic of New Cambria for at least ten years within the last fifteen years.

Article 74
A candidate for President of the Republic can be nominated by a minimum of 10,000 voters or at least 25 Members of Parliament.

A candidate is elected President of the Republic if he wins a majority of the votes of those who voted, provided more than half of the registered voters voted.

If in the first round of voting no candidate wins the majority required, voting in the second round is restricted to the two candidates who have won most votes in the first round. The second round takes place within 14 days of the termination of voting in the first round.

If in the second round of voting no candidate wins the required majority of votes, the whole electoral procedure is repeated.

If only one presidential candidate has been nominated, he is appointed President of the Republic without an election.

Article 75
The election of the President of the Republic takes place within the last 60 days of the term of the previous President. Should the term of office of the President of the Republic be terminated for any reason, the election of a new President takes place within 30 days from the day of termination.

The President of the Republic of New Cambria shall start exercising his powers from the moment when he swears in, and he shall terminate his powers at the expiry of his term of office, from the moment when the President-Elect of the Republic of New Cambria swears in.

Article 76
On assuming office, the President of the Republic shall take an oath or pledge to uphold the Constitution. Two identical originals shall be executed of this oath or pledge. One shall be kept by the Parliament and the other by the National Archives.

Article 77
In case of death, resignation, permanent or temporary inability to perform his duties, or in case of termination of the mandate in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the office of the President of the Republic is carried out by the Prime Nimister, or, if the Prime Minister too is incapacitated, by the Chairman of Parliament until the election of the new President.

While the Chairman of Parliament is performing the office of President of the Republic, he participates in the work of the Parliament without the right to vote.

Article 78
The duty of the President of the Republic is incompatible with the performance of any other public or state office, profession or appointment in a political party.

Disbursements from the state funds to the President of the Republic or those who exercise presidential authority shall be established by a law. These disbursements to the President may not be reduced during his term of office.

Article 79
The President of the Republic is granted immunity.

The President's immunity may be invoked and the President may be detained only on a decision of the Supreme Court by a two-thirds majority vote of all judges and approved by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of the Members of Parliament.

Article 80
The President of the Republic may be removed from office before his term expires if approved by a majority in a plebiscite called pursuant to a resolution adopted two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament. This plebiscite shall be held within 60 days from the date of adoption by the Parliament of the resolution. The President of the Republic shall not perform his duties from the time the resolution is adopted by the Parliament until the results of the plebiscite are known.

If the resolution by the Parliament is not approved in the plebiscite, the president of the Republic may dissolve the Parliament and call new elections.

Article 81
The President of the Republic shall reside in or near Arvant.

Article 82
The President of the Republic of New Cambria


 * ensures the observance of human rights and freedoms, the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria, as well as its international obligations;
 * defines basic directions of the internal and foreign policy;
 * represents the Republic in international affairs and signs inter-state treaties;
 * is Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of New Cambria, appoints the officers of the defence forces;
 * takes measures to ensure the security and territorial integrity of the Republic of New Cambria, forms and heads the Security Council, the status of which shall be defined by a law;
 * has the right to attend sessions of the Parliament;
 * introduces the state of emergency or martial law in the Republic of New Cambria in the interests of ensuring the security of citizens, to be approved by the Parliament;
 * presents to the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria nominations for election to the posts of Head of the National Bank, General Prosecutor and other officials, as well as submit to Parliament his proposals for their dismissal;
 * cancels acts issued by ministries or departments, heads of executive power in the counties or municipalities when these acts contradict the Constitution and the legislation of the Republic of New Cambria;
 * addresses to the Parliament with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the basic directions of internal and foreign policy of the Republic, as well as brings in the draft state budget and reports on its execution;
 * has the right to demand that an extraordinary session of the Parliament be convened;
 * grants pardons in accordance with the law;
 * decorates with state awards, assigns honorary titles, military ranks or special titles in accordance with the law;
 * appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the Republic of New Cambria in foreign countries and international organizations; and
 * accepts the credentials and letters of recall of foreign diplomatic representatives.

The President of the Republic exercises his rights and duties on the basis and within the framework of the Constitution and laws.

Article 83
In case of urgency, the President of the Republic may issue provisional laws. Such laws must not, however, be contrary to the Constitution. They shall always be submitted to the Parliament as soon as it convenes.

If the Parliament does not approve a provisional law, or if it does not complete its consideration of the law within six weeks after convening, the law shall become void.

Article 84
The President of the Republic appoints holders of the public and state offices as provided by a law.

No person may hold public or state office unless he has the citizenship of New Cambria. Each public and state official shall take an oath or pledge to uphold the Constitution.

The President of the Republic may remove from office any official whom he has appointed.

Article 85
The powers of the President of the Republic of New Cambria may not be used to change the constitutional order, to dissolve other legally elected state bodies, or to suspend their functioning.

The President of the Republic is held accountable for any violations of the Constitution in exercising his rights and duties.

The procedure for determining the President's responsibility is initiated by the Parliament by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament. The Supreme Court that decides on the responsibility of the President by a two-thirds majority vote of all judges. If the Supreme Court considers the President of the Republic responsible for a violation, his mandate is terminated.

The decisions of the President of the Republic of New Cambria that are inconsistent with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria may be cancelled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of New Cambria.

Article 86
The President of the Republic of New Cambria may resign at any moment, The issue of resignation shall be decided upon the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria. The decision shall be made by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Article 87
The President of the Republic of New Cambria is obliged, within 10 days of the constitution of the Parliament, to entrust the mandate for constituting The Executive Council to a candidate from the party or parties which has/have a majority in the Parliament.

Within 20 days from the day of being entrusted with the mandate, the mandator submits a programme to the Parliament and proposes the composition of the Executive Council.

The Executive Council is elected by the Parliament on the proposal of the mandator and on the basis of the programme proposed by the mandator and the candidate for Prime Minister of the Republic of New Cambria.

Article 88
The Executive Council is composed of a Prime Minister and Ministers.

The Prime Minister chairs the Executive Council, while Ministers head Ministries.

The Executive Council exercises its rights and competence on the basis and within the framework of the Constitution and law. The organization of the Executive Council and Ministries is defined by law and inner regulations.

The Executive Council and each of its members are responsible before the Parliament for their actions in office. Every Minister participating in the consideration of a matter in a Executive Council meeting is responsible for any decision made, unless he has expressed an objection that has been entered in the minutes.

Article 89
The Executive Council of the Republic of New Cambria


 * determines the policy of carrying out the laws and other regulations of the Parliament and is responsible for their execution;
 * proposes laws, the budget of the Republic and other regulations adopted by the Parliament;
 * submits annual reports on its activities to the Parliament and on the measures undertaken in response to parliamentary decisions;
 * proposes decisions concerning the reserves of the Republic and supervises their execution;
 * adopts decrees and other acts for the execution of laws;
 * determines principles on the internal organisation and work of the Ministries and other administrative bodies, directing and supervising their work;
 * provides appraisals of drafts of laws and other acts submitted to the Parliament by other authorised bodies;
 * decides on the recognition of states and governments;
 * establishes diplomatic and consular relations with other states;
 * makes a decision on opening diplomatic and consular offices abroad;
 * proposes the appointment of ambassadors and representatives of the Republic of New Cambria abroad and appoints chiefs of consular offices;
 * proposes the Public Prosecutor;
 * appoints and dismisses holders of public and other office determined by the Constitution and laws; and
 * performs other duties determined by the Constitution and law.

Article 90
The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers are guaranteed immunity. The Executive Council decides on their immunity.

The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers cannot be called up for duties in the Armed Forces.

The office of Prime Minister or Minister is incompatible with any other public or state office or profession.

Article 91
The Executive Council has the right to resign either collectively or individually. The resignation shall be submitted to the President of the Republic of New Cambria who shall have the right to either accept or to decline it.

The resignation of the Prime Minister, his death or permanent inability to perform his duties entail the resignation of the Executive Council.

The Executive Council ceases its term of office when the Parliament is dissolved.

When a vote of no-confidence in the Executive Council has been passed, it has submitted its resignation, or its term of office has ceased owing to the dissolution of the Parliament, the same Executive Council remains on duty until the election of a new Executive Council.

The Prime Minister may propose the dismissal of a member of the Executive Council. The Parliament decides on the proposal for the dismissal of a member of the Executive Council at its first meeting following the proposal.

If a Minister is elected President of the Republic or a Member of Parliament, he is considered to have resigned the office of Minister as from the day of election.

Article 92
Ministers are entitled to a seat in the Parliament and, by virtue of their office, have the right to participate in its debates as often as they may desire, but they must observe the rules of procedure.

Article 93
Judiciary power is exercised solely by courts.

The types of courts, their spheres of competence, their establishment, abrogation, organisation and composition, as well as the procedure they follow are regulated by a law adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Courts judge on the basis of the Constitution and laws and international agreements ratified in accordance with the Constitution.

Emergency and provisional courts are prohibited.

Article 94
Judges shall be irremovable, inviolable, independent, and shall subordinate only to the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of New Cambria. No criminal proceedings ma be instituted against a judge except according to the procedure established by a law. A judge's power may be terminated or suspended only in accordance with the procedure and on the grounds established by a law.

Those judges who do not also have administrative functions cannot be discharged from office except by a judicial decision, nor may they be transferred to another office against their will, except in the event of re-organization of the judiciary. However, a judge who has reached the age of 65 may be released from office, but Judges of the Supreme Court shall not lose any of their salary.

Article 95
The examination of cases shall be open to public in all the courts except for cases specified by law. Legal proceedings shall be exercised on a controversial basis. Both parties shall have equal rights.

Article 96
A judge is elected without restriction of his/her term of office.

Article 97
A judge is discharged:


 * if he so requests;
 * if he permanently loses the capability of carrying out a judge's office, which is determined by the Judicial Council;
 * if he fulfils the conditions for retirement;
 * if he is sentenced for a criminal offence to a prison term of a minimum of six months;
 * owing to a serious disciplinary offence defined in law, making him unsuitable to perform a judge's office as decided by the Republican Judicial Council; and
 * owing to unprofessional and unethical performance of a judge's office, as decided by the Republican Judicial Council in a procedure regulated by a law.

Article 98
Judges are granted immunity.

The Parliament decides on the immunity of judges.

Article 99
The execution of a judge's duties shall be incompatible with holding any other public or state office, and equally with any other paid activities except teaching, research or other creative activities. The judges shall receive a remuneration for their service, paid by the Republic of New Cambria.

Political organisation and activity in the judiciary is prohibited.

Article 100
The court tries cases in council.

The law determines cases in which a judge can sit alone.

Jury judges take part in a trial in cases determined by a law.

Jury judges cannot be held answerable for their opinions and decisions concerning their verdict.

Article 101
The Supreme Court of the Republic of New Cambria shall be the highest judicial authority.

The Supreme Court of New Cambria is composed of nine judges.

The judges of the Supreme Court are elected by the Parliament.

The Supreme Court elects a Presiding Judge from its own ranks for a term of three years without the right to re-election.

The Supreme Court supervises the administration of justice. It may submit proposals to the Parliament for the initiation of legislative action.

The Supreme Court has a competent quorum when five members are present, unless a different quorum has been laid down by a law.

Article 102
The Supreme Court of the Republic of New Cambria:


 * decides on the conformity of laws with the Constitution;
 * decides on the conformity of collective agreements and other regulations with the Constitution and laws;
 * protects the freedoms and rights of the individual and citizen relating to the freedom of communication, conscience, thought and activity as well as to the prohibition of discrimination among citizens on the grounds of sex, race, religion or national, social or political affiliation;
 * decides on conflicts of competency among holders of legislative, executive and judicial offices;
 * considers cases of disputes between the Republic and local self-government bodies;
 * decides on the responsibility of the programmes and status of political parties and associations of citizens;
 * considers cases on all the issues concerning the compliance of decisions made by the President, Parliament, or other state bodies or local self-government bodies with the Constitution;
 * considers cases concerning the results of elections or electoral procedures;
 * has the right to resolve any disputes, or express its opinion as to the Constitution related issues;
 * exercises legal proceedings on criminal, civil or administrative cases;
 * enforces law in the resolution of cases by all the courts in the Republic of New Cambria;
 * gives instructions as to all the issues of judicial activities to all the courts; and
 * decides on other issues determined by the Constitution.

Article 103
The Judicial Council is composed of seven members.

The Parliament elects the members of the Council.

The members of the Council are elected from the ranks of outstanding members of the legal profession for a term of six years with the right to one re-election

Members of the Judicial Council are granted immunity. The Parliament decides on their immunity.

The office of a member of the Judicial Council is incompatible with the performance of other public or state offices, professions or membership in political parties.

Article 104
The Judicial Council


 * proposes to the Parliament the election and discharge of judges and determines proposals for the discharge of a judge's office in cases laid down in the Constitution;
 * decides on the disciplinary responsibility of judges; and
 * assesses the competence and ethics of judges in the performance of their office.

Article 105
The Public Prosecution Office is a single and autonomous state body carrying out legal measures against persons who have committed criminal and other offences determined by a law.

The prosecution service is headed by the Prosecutor-General, who is elected by the Parliament.

The powers, organization and activities of the Public Prosecution Office is defined by a law.

Article 106
The right of citizens to local self-government is guaranteed.

Local self-government shall be exercised in counties and municipalities.

Within municipalities forms of neighbourhood self-government may be established.

Article 107
In units of local self-government, citizens directly and through elective or other local self-government bodies participate in decision-making on issues of local relevance particularly in the fields of urban planning, communal activities, culture, sport, social security and child care, preschool education, primary education, basic health care and other fields determined by a law. The composition, structure and powers of local self-government shall be established by a law.

County and municipality are autonomous in the execution of their constitutionally and legally determined spheres of competence; supervision of the legality of their work is carried out by the Republic.

Article 108
Local self-government bodies:


 * approve local budget, local taxes and fees, as well as possess, use and dispose of municipal property;
 * ensure the protection of public order;
 * define their internal structure; and
 * decide upon other economic, social or other issues not excluded from their jurisdiction or not passed over to state bodies.

Article 109
Counties and municipalities are financed from their own sources of income determined by a law as well as by funds from the Republic.

Article 110
The territorial division of the Republic and the area administered by each unit local self-government are defined by a law.

Article 111
The Constitution of the Republic of New Cambria can be changed or supplemented by constitutional amendments.

Article 112
Proposals concerning amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of New Cambria may be made by the President of the Republic of New Cambria, the Executive Council, at least 30 Members of Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria, the Supreme Court of the Republic of New Cambria, the Attorney General of the Republic of New Cambria, or at least 100,000 citizens.

Article 113
The amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of New Cambria shall is adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

Article 114
For the citizens of New Cambria time of residence in other territories of the Commonwealth prior to April 29th, 1956, is considered legally identical to residence in New Cambria.

Article 115
A Constitution Act shall be adopted for the implementation of the Constitution.

The Constitution Act is adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the total number of Members of Parliament.

The Constitution Act is declared by the Parliament and comes into force simultaneously with the declaration of the Constitution.

Article 116
This Constitution comes into force on the day it is declared in the Parliament of the Republic of New Cambria.

November 26th, 1961''
 * ''The City of Arvant