User:Candiesrgood/Sandbox/Terra Canis/II

C. l. sinica

 * Complex social hierarchy, increased cooperation, semi-sedentary lifestyle


 * Smaller litter sizes, higher life expectancy (15 years to 18 years)


 * the encephalization quotient (EQ) grows from 1.2 to 1.5

C. eusinica

 * Sister lineage to C. etruscus (ancestral to gray wolves and red wolves)


 * Generalized dentition, decreased size of carnassials and canines, increased reliance on molars for mastication


 * More omnivorous


 * Rapid growth in brain case; the encephalization quotient (EQ) nearly doubles from 1.5 to 2.4, leading to the isolation of the orbit


 * Redevelopment of (non-opposable) gripping thumbs from dewclaws, increased dexterity of fingers


 * Development of semi-digitigrade stance

C. cainopleion

 * Caino – "new"
 * Pleion - "more"


 * increased flexibility of forelimbs, wrists, atrophy of jaw muscles, full closure of orbit and expansion of brain case (thus EQ rises to 3.0)


 * glacial maximum
 * menopause develops, life expectancy rises more
 * decrease in litter sizes
 * increase parental care reduces infant mortality


 * more stout in body shape, hairier and denser coat


 * development of opposable thumbs