Jeglijan | |
---|---|
Spoken in | Jeglijan |
Ethnicity | Jeglijan |
Language family |
Glijrongian |
Writing system | Jeglijan script |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | jg |
ISO 639-2 | jgj |
ISO 639-3 | jgj |
The Jeglijan language is the official language of Jeglijan, hence the name.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Consonants in parentheses are allophones (see phonotactics below).
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Labioalveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
Voiceless stop | p | t | ts | tʷ | k | kʷ | |||
Voiced stop | b | d | dʷ | g | [gʷ] | ||||
Voiceless continuant | f | θ[?] | s | [ɬ] | ʃ | x | [ʍ] | h | |
Voiced continuant | [v] | ð[?] | z | l | ʒ~j | [ɣ] | w | ||
Trill | r | ||||||||
Trilled fricative | [r̝] |
Vowels[]
Jeglijan has front-back vowel harmony.
Phoneme | Front | Back |
---|---|---|
/i/ | [i] | [ɨ] |
/e/ | [e] | [ɯ] |
/a/ | [æ] | [ɑ] |
/o/ | [ø] | [o] |
/u/ | [y] | [u] |
/en/ | [ɛ̃] | [ɯ̃] |
/an/ | [ɑ̃] | |
/on/ | [œ̃] | [ɔ̃] |
Phonotactics[]
The syllable structure for Jeglijan is /(s(C)(L)V(L)(N)(ts)/, where:
- C = Any consonant except /ŋ/;
- L = The liquids /l/ and /r/;
- V = any vowel; and
- N = The nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.
Other rules[]
- /h/ cannot appear word-initially for historical reasons;
- Nasals cannot appear right next to each other;
- Liquids cannot appear right next to each other or after labialized velars and labialized dental stops;
- Therefore, [v] is an allophone of /w/ before /u/, /r/, or /l/;
- [ɬ], and [r̝] are not phonemic per se, and result from the assimilation of the clusters /xl/ and /xr/ respectively.
- Geminate consonants and vowel sequences are not permitted.
- In syllables with a nasal in the coda, that syllable's vowel is nasalized. For historical reasons, there is no /ĩ/ or /ũ/.
- /ʒ~j/ has multiple allophones that are in free variation, including but not limited to [dʒ], [j], and [ɟ], although [ʒ] is the proper pronunciation in formal speech.
Orthography[]
Main article: Jeglijan script
The Jeglijan language uses a superalphasyllabary, meaning entire syllables, including onset, vowel, and coda, are encoded in a single character. When Atla was alive, there needed to be an easy way for the Divine Legends to be remembered without loss of data through oral transmission. Originally, Atla wanted an ideogram system to be used, but found it would take thousands of hours for the scribe just to make symbols for every word in the language, so they just stuck with an easy-to-learn mnemonic pictograph system. After Atla's death in 35 AE, this system spread like wildfire throughout the newly-formed Empire as the Divine Legends was read by more and more people.
Surprisingly, the copying of the Divine Legends slowed down how fast variations diverged from one another. It wasn't until 730 AE when Bretz Ur Erbensune I began to notice significant variations in how the Divine Legends were written down and recited. Due to the imperfect nature of the pictograms, they were always prone to misinterpretation, with the original meanings being lost over centuries of oral transmission. To avoid the permanent loss of the original, Erbensune's scribes sat down, and looked at versions of the Divine Legends. After countless scrutinous hours, they noticed that several versions used similar wording, and started working on a standardized version. By June 732, a draft of this new version of the Divine Legends was finished.
Now, the main problem was how to ensure that what was being told was unambiguous. Although one was proposed at first, an ideogram system wouldn't do it, as it would be prone to the same mutation the pictographs were. At the time, the maximum syllable structure was CVC, with eighteen consonants and five vowels. Erbensune decided to create a 360-character alphasyllabary, where there would be one glyph per possible syllable in the language. The first copies of the Divine Legends in Erbensune's alphasyllabary were published in March 733, when the Bretz ordered the destruction of all "sinful" copies. This system worked, for a while.
Come c. 1500 AE, when the Jeglijan language began to undergo a period of vowel loss. Unstressed vowels were elided between consonants and liquids, changing the maximum syllable structure to CLVC, where L is a liquid: /l/ or /r/. Other sound changes, namely, the lowering of high vowels before liquids, and denasalization of nasal stops [m], [n] to [b], [d] respectively after nasal vowels, had also become noticeable, yet the Jeglijan script was unmodified. In 1502, Bretz TBD ordered the highest scribes of the Empire to meet in Rizborn once again to update the script to compensate for the new sound changes. As L and R used hooks on the tops of the glyphs, they could easily be combined with the other glyphs to make new syllable glyphs, increasing the glyph count to exactly a thousand.
To be expanded...
Transcription into Latin[]
Phone | In Latin | Phone | In Latin |
---|---|---|---|
[æ] | ä | [o] | o |
[ɑ] | a | [ø] | ö |
[b] | b | [p] | p |
[d] | d | [r] | r |
[dʷ] | dw | [r̝] | rh |
[ð] | dh | [s] | s |
[e] | e | [ʃ] | ch |
[f] | f | [t] | t |
[g] | g | [tʷ] | tw |
[gʷ] | gu | [θ] | th |
[ɣ] | gh | [ts] | tz |
[h] | h | [u] | u |
[i] | i | [ɯ] | ë |
[ɨ] | ï | [v] | v |
[k] | k | [w] | w |
[kʷ] | qu | [ʍ] | wh |
[l] | l | [x] | kh |
[ɬ] | lh | [y] | ü |
[m] | m | [z] | z |
[n] | n | [ʒ~j] | j |
[ŋ] | ng |
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Number | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | -Ø | -ma | -ge | -r |
Dual | -l | -mal | -gel | -ler |
Plural | -n | -man | -gen | -ner |
Pronouns[]
Personal pronouns[]
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za | Wil | Nel | Wi | Ne |
Second
Male |
Ga | Gal | Gan | ||
Second
Female |
Ge | Gel | Gen | ||
Third Male | Ir | Irol | Ern | ||
Third Female | Ire | Irel |
Possessive pronouns[]
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Zar | Wiler | Neler | Wir | Ner |
Second
Male |
Gar | Galer | Ganer | ||
Second
Female |
Ger | Geler | Gener | ||
Third Male | Irer | Iroler | Erner | ||
Third Female | Ireler |
Verbs[]
Conjugations[]
-a | -la | -ma | -na | -ra | era (the copula) | ika "to go" | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive/Present | -a | -la | -ma | -na | -ra | era* | ika*** |
Past | -abo | -lbo | -mbo | -mbo | -rbo | ** | iko |
Future | -ata | -lta | -mta | -nta | -rta | erta | ita |
Subj. Present | -age | -lge | -mge | -nge | -rge | erge | ike |
Subj. Past | -ajo | -ljo | -mjo | -njo | -rjo | iro | icho |
Subj. Future | -amba | -lmba | -mba | -mba | -rmba | remba | kimba |
Conditional | -ani | -lni | -mdi | -ndi | -rni | reni | kini |
Past Conditional | -agua | -lgua | -mgua | -ngua | -rgua | rigua | kagua |
Imperative | -o | -lo | -mo | -no | -ro | ero | ikro |
Present Participle | -al | -lal | -mal | -nal | -ral | eral | ikal |
Perfect Participle | -azi | -lzi | -mzi | -nzi | -rzi | rezi | kizi |
Passive Participle | -ado | -ldo | -mdo | -ndo | -rdo | None | None |
Irregular verbs[]
The most significantly irregular verbs are era (the copula) and ika "to go", and era is also the only suppletive verb. Era's first-person singular present and past forms derive from the Classical Jeglijan adposition ama, which marked the now nonexistent essive case and is no longer grammatical in the modern language. It is believed that this was done to avoid conflation with the first-person possessive determiner zar.
*Present forms of era | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za am | Wil era | Nel era | Wi ar | Ne ar |
Second
Male |
Ga ar | Gal era | Gan jera | ||
Second
Female |
Ge ar | Gel era | Gen jera | ||
Third Male | Ir ar | Irol era | Ern jera | ||
Third Female | Ire ar | Irel era |
**Past forms of era | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za ambo | Wil erbo | Nel erbo | Wi erbo | Ne erbo |
Second
Male |
Ga rabo | Gal erbo | Gan erbo | ||
Second
Female |
Ge rabo | Gel erbo | Gen erbo | ||
Third Male | Ir rabo | Irol erbo | Ern erbo | ||
Third Female | Ire rabo | Irel erbo |
***Present forms of ika | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za jaka | Wil ika | Nel ika | Wi jaka | Ne jaka |
Second
Male |
Ga jaka | Gal ika | Gan jaka | ||
Second
Female |
Ge jaka | Gel ika | Gen jaka | ||
Third Male | Ir ika | Irol ika | Ern jaka | ||
Third Female | Ire ika | Irel ika |
Vocabulary[]
The Jeglijan lexicon is a extensive list of all known words within the Jeglijan language. It shall serve as a comprehensive dictionary for the language, providing a reference for any words use in the language that one may wish to find.
A[]
Alguo; "bird"
Atla; "mighty, powerful"
B[]
Brese; "command, control"
Bretz; "Bretz, Emperor"
Breza; "(to) rule"
Brezje; "empire, kingdom"
Ch[]
Cha; "work"
Chara; "(to) work"
D[]
Dhol; "dog"
Don; "all"
Dong; "crow, raven"
Donfam; "mankind"
Donje; "(the) world"
E[]
Era; the copula
Erben; "iron"
Emo; "little"
F[]
Fam; "man"
G[]
Gal; "water"
Galnari; "sea snake" (from Gli+Nari)
Gli; "sea"
Glijrong; "sea mother"
Galdaguo; "sea bird" (from Gli+Alguo)
Gliwal; "river"
Glor; "light"
Guer; "fight"
Guera; "(to) fight"
I[]
Ika; "(to) go"
Ista; "wood"
J[]
Jan; "sky, heavens"
Jankhang; "creator god, sky father"
Je; "earth, land, soil"
Jrong; "mother"
K[]
Kh[]
Khang; "father"
Khangstla; "(to) assassinate"
L[]
Lega; "(to) build"
Luga; "surface"
M[]
Mlago; "fire"
Mlagual; "electricity, 'fire-path'" (from Mlago+Wal)
Mritz; "cold"
Mrizgli; "ice, snow"
N[]
Naln; "ring"
Nari; "serpent, snake"
Nom; "sun"
O[]
Okena; "(to) bring"
Orn; "master"
P[]
Peda; "diamond"
Pochli; "year"
Qu[]
Quan; "holy"
Quona; "(to) worship"
Quonwal; "worship, 'holy path'"
R[]
Rhode; "island"
Rodre; "later"
S[]
Skatza; "(to) unite"
Spor; "conquest, domination"
Spora; "(to) conquer"
Stla; "(to) kill"
Sune; "sword"
T[]
Thong; "bowl"
Twel; "home"
U[]
Uden; "also"
V[]
W[]
Wal; "road, path, trail"
Wem; "many"
Z[]
Zama; "(to) create"
Zena; "(to) lift, raise, elevate"
Zendoluga; "table, raised platform"
Zoser; "help"
Zosra; "(to) help"
Zatz; "flower"
Numbers[]
Zero; Zeltz
One; Da
Two; Il
Three;
Four;
Five;
Six;
Seven;
Eight;
Nine;
Ten;